Methods of using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in double-refractory melanoma

ABSTRACT

Methods of treating melanomas refractory to other therapies using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are disclosed. Also disclosed is the use of IP-10 as a biomarker for predicting treatment efficacy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/211,159, filed Dec. 5, 2018, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Dec. 5, 2018, is named 116983-5047-WO_ST25.txt and is 122 kilobytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Methods of using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the treatment of double-refractory melanoma are disclosed herein, as well as the use of IP-10 as a biomarker for predicting treatment efficacy.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Treatment of melanoma remains challenging, particularly for patients that do not respond to commonly-used initial lines of therapy, including nivolumab monotherapy, pembrolizumab monotherapy, therapy using a combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab, ipilimumab monotherapy, therapy using a combination of dabrafenib and trametinib, vemurafenib monotherapy, and pegylated interferon (preinterferon) alfa-2b. Approved first line treatments for metastatic melanoma include immunotherapeutic strategies blocking PD-1 (pembrolizumab, nivolumab), or combining nivolumab with the anti-CTLA4 blocker ipilimumab, or chemotherapy with agents targeting specific activating mutations in the BRAF pathway (e.g., vemurafenib, dabrafenib, trametinib). Following disease progression, patients can receive additional treatment with anti-PD-1 monotherapy; nivolumab/ipilimumab combination therapy; ipilimumab monotherapy; targeted therapy if BRAF mutant; high-dose aldesleukin (interleukin-2; IL-2); cytotoxic agents (e.g., dacarbazine, temozolomide, paclitaxel, cisplatin, carboplatin, vinblastine); or imatinib for KIT-mutant melanoma. In 2015, talimogene laherparepvec, a live oncolytic virus therapy, was approved for the local treatment of unresectable cutaneous, subcutaneous, and nodal lesions in patients with melanoma recurrent after initial surgical excision. This product has not been shown to improve overall survival or to have an effect on visceral metastases.

Until recently, high-dose aldesleukin was the only FDA-approved systemic therapy for metastatic melanoma capable of inducing durable objective cancer responses, with an overall objective response rate (ORR) of 16% and durable complete tumor regressions (CRs) observed in up to 6% of treated patients (Proleukin® (aldesleukin) Label, FDA, July 2012). Alva, et al. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2016, 65, 1533-1544. The recently approved PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab approximately double the rate of durable responses in metastatic melanoma relative to aldesleukin treatment. Larkin, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 2015, 373, 23-34; Robert, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 2015, 372, 2521-32. In previously treated patients, the ORR for nivolumab is 32%, with higher and more durable responses correlated with higher levels of PD-1 ligand expression by tumors; and the ORR for pembrolizumab following prior therapy with ipilimumab is 21% (Table 2). In treatment naïve patients, durable objective responses are achieved in 50% of patients when nivolumab and ipilimumab administered in combination, although the CR rate remains low at 8.9% (Opdivo® (nivolumab) Label, FDA, October 2016).

Use of the checkpoint inhibitors is associated with a spectrum of immune-related adverse events, including pneumonitis, colitis, hepatitis, nephritis and renal dysfunction (Opdivo (nivolumab) Label, FDA, October 2016). Hofmann, et al., Eur. J. Cancer 2016, 60, 190-209. Increased toxicity is observed in patients treated with nivolumab and ipilimumab combination therapy. Treatment-related adverse events leading to discontinuation of therapy occurred in 36.4%, 7.7% and 14.8% of patients receiving the combination therapy, nivolumab alone or ipilimumab alone, respectively. Larkin, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 2015, 373, 23-34; Johnson, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 2016, 375, 1749-1755.

Although the targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors can achieve dramatic responses in patients with metastatic melanoma, death rates for this cancer are projected to remain stable through 2030. The overall age-adjusted melanoma death rate was 2.7 per 100000 in 2011 and remained at this level in 2015. Guy, et al., Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 2015, 64, 591-596.

Treatment of bulky, refractory cancers using adoptive autologous transfer of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) represents a powerful approach to therapy for patients with poor prognoses. Gattinoni, et al., Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2006, 6, 383-393. TILs are dominated by T cells, and IL-2-based TIL expansion followed by a “rapid expansion process” (REP) has become a preferred method for TIL expansion because of its speed and efficiency. Dudley, et al., Science 2002, 298, 850-54; Dudley, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23, 2346-57; Dudley, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 5233-39; Riddell, et al., Science 1992, 257, 238-41; Dudley, et al., J. Immunother. 2003, 26, 332-42. A number of approaches to improve responses to TIL therapy in melanoma and to expand TIL therapy to other tumor types have been explored with limited success, and the field remains challenging. Goff, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 2016, 34, 2389-97; Dudley, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 5233-39; Rosenberg, et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 2011, 17, 4550-57. There is an unmet need to standardize TIL production as well as identify patient populations and specific types of cancers that are most likely to benefit from TIL therapy.

The present invention provides the surprising finding that TILs may be used in the treatment of a subpopulation of patients suffering from melanoma that is refractory to at least two prior therapies, which may include immune checkpoint inhibitors. Also disclosed is the use of IP-10 as a biomarker for predicting treatment efficacy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of treating double-refractory metastatic melanoma in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to the patient.

In an embodiment and in accordance with the above, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is a cutaneous double-refractory metastatic melanoma.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to at least two prior systemic treatment courses, not including neo-adjuvant or adjuvant therapies.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to aldesleukin or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to pembrolizumab or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to nivolumab or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to ipilimumab or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to ipilimumab or a biosimilar thereof and pembrolizumab or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to ipilimumab or a biosimilar thereof and nivolumab or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to a BRAF inhibitor.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to a PD-L1 inhibitor.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the PD-L1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of avelumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and biosimilars thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to a combination of a PD-1 inhibitor and a CTLA-4 inhibitor.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the PD-1 inhibitor is nivolumab or a biosimilar thereof and the CTLA-4 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of ipilumumab, tremelimumab, and biosimilars thereof.

The In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to a combination of a BRAF inhibitor and a MEK inhibitor.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the BRAF inhibitor is dabrafenib or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof and the MEK inhibitor is trametinib or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the metastatic melanoma is resistant to a PD-1 inhibitor or PD-L1 inhibitor.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, avelumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and biosimilars thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the patient does not possess a BRAF mutation.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the patient has received at most 4 doses of nivolumab or a biosimilar thereof prior to receiving the therapeutically effective population of TILs.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the patient has progressed or had no response to at least two prior systemic treatment courses.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the patient exhibits an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the increase in the level of IP-10 is indicative of treatment response and/or treatment efficacy.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1650 pg/mL, at least 1656 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the patient is administered one or more further dosages of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the patient is not administered a further dosage of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).

In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides method of treating double-refractory metastatic melanoma in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising:

-   -   (a) obtaining a first population of TILs from a tumor resected         from the patient by processing a tumor sample obtained from the         patient into multiple tumor fragments;     -   (b) adding the tumor fragments into a closed system;     -   (c) performing a first expansion by culturing the first         population of TILs in a cell culture medium comprising IL-2, and         optionally OKT-3, to produce a second population of TILs,         wherein the first expansion is performed in a closed container         providing a first gas-permeable surface area, wherein the first         expansion is performed for about 3-14 days to obtain the second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, and wherein the transition from step (b) to step (c)         occurs without opening the system;     -   (d) performing a second expansion by supplementing the cell         culture medium of the second population of TILs with additional         IL-2, optionally OKT-3, and antigen presenting cells (APCs), to         produce a third population of TILs, wherein the second expansion         is performed for about 7-14 days to obtain the third population         of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is a therapeutic         population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed in         a closed container providing a second gas-permeable surface         area, and wherein the transition from step (c) to step (d)         occurs without opening the system;     -   (e) harvesting the therapeutic population of TILs obtained from         step (d) to provide a harvested TIL population, wherein the         transition from step (d) to step (e) occurs without opening the         system;     -   (f) transferring the harvested TIL population from step (e) to         an infusion bag, wherein the transfer from step (e) to (f)         occurs without opening the system, and optionally cryopreserving         the harvested TIL population and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the         harvested TIL population to the patient with double-refractory         metastatic melanoma.

In an embodiment and in accordance with the above-described method, wherein the patient has been previously treated with a PD-1 inhibitor or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the PD-1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and biosimilars thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the patient has been previously treated with a PD-L1 inhibitor or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the PD-L1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of avelumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and biosimilars thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the PD-1 inhibitor or a biosimilar thereof was co-administered with a CTLA-4 inhibitor or biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the PD-L1 inhibitor or a biosimilar thereof was co-administered with a CTLA-4 inhibitor or biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the patient has been previously treated with one additional prior line of systemic therapy.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the one additional prior line of systemic therapy is a BRAF inhibitor or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the BRAF inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the one additional prior line of systemic therapy is a MEK inhibitor or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the MEK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of trametinib, cobimetinib, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts or solvates thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the one additional prior line of systemic therapy is a combination of a BRAF inhibitor or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof and a MEK inhibitor or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the BRAF inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, and the MEK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of trametinib, cobimetinib, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts or solvates thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the one additional prior line of systemic therapy is a CTLA-4 inhibitor or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the CTLA-4 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of ipilumumab, tremelimumab, and biosimilars thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the one additional prior line of systemic therapy is chemotherapeutic regimen.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the chemotherapeutic regimen comprises dacarbazine or temozolimide.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the first expansion is performed over a period of about 11 days.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the IL-2 is present at an initial concentration of between 1000 IU/mL and 6000 IU/mL in the cell culture medium in the first expansion step (c).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein in the second expansion step (d), the IL-2 is present at an initial concentration of between 1000 IU/mL and 6000 IU/mL and the OKT-3 antibody is present at an initial concentration of about 30 ng/mL.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the first expansion is performed using a gas permeable container.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the second expansion is performed using a gas permeable container.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the cell culture medium in the first expansion step (c) further comprises a cytokine selected from the group consisting of IL-4, IL-7, IL-15, IL-21, and combinations thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the cell culture medium in the second expansion step (d) further comprises a cytokine selected from the group consisting of IL-4, IL-7, IL-15, IL-21, and combinations thereof.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, further comprising the step of treating the patient with a non-myeloablative lymphodepletion regimen prior to administering the TILs to the patient.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the non-myeloablative lymphodepletion regimen comprises the steps of administration of cyclophosphamide at a dose of 60 mg/m2/day for two days followed by administration of fludarabine at a dose of 25 mg/m2/day for five days.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, further comprising the step of treating the patient with an IL-2 regimen starting on the day after administration of the TILs to the patient.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the IL-2 regimen is a high-dose IL-2 regimen comprising 600,000 or 720,000 IU/kg of aldesleukin, or a biosimilar or variant thereof, administered as a 15-minute bolus intravenous infusion every eight hours until tolerance.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the patient exhibits an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1650 pg/mL, at least 1656 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the increase in the level of IP-10 is indicative of treatment efficacy.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the patient is administered one or more further dosages of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the patient is not administered a further dosage of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, wherein the therapeutically effective population of TILs comprises from about 2.3×1010 to about 13.7×1010 TILs.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of treating double-refractory metastatic melanoma in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising:

-   -   (a) obtaining a first population of TILs from a tumor resected         from the patient by processing a tumor sample obtained from the         patient into multiple tumor fragments;     -   (b) adding the tumor fragments into a closed system;     -   (c) performing a first expansion by culturing the first         population of TILs in a cell culture medium comprising IL-2, and         optionally OKT-3, to produce a second population of TILs,         wherein the first expansion is performed in a closed container         providing a first gas-permeable surface area, wherein the first         expansion is performed for about 3-14 days to obtain the second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, and wherein the transition from step (b) to step (c)         occurs without opening the system;     -   (d) performing a second expansion by supplementing the cell         culture medium of the second population of TILs with additional         IL-2, optionally OKT-3, and antigen presenting cells (APCs), to         produce a third population of TILs, wherein the second expansion         is performed for about 7-14 days to obtain the third population         of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is a therapeutic         population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed in         a closed container providing a second gas-permeable surface         area, and wherein the transition from step (c) to step (d)         occurs without opening the system;     -   (e) harvesting the therapeutic population of TILs obtained from         step (d) to provide a harvested TIL population, wherein the         transition from step (d) to step (e) occurs without opening the         system;     -   (f) transferring the harvested TIL population from step (e) to         an infusion bag, wherein the transfer from step (e) to (f)         occurs without opening the system, and optionally cryopreserving         the harvested TIL population;     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the         harvested TIL population to the patient with double-refractory         metastatic melanoma; and     -   (h) measuring the level of IP-10 in the patient after         administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in         step (g).

In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising:

-   -   (a) obtaining a first population of TILs from a tumor resected         from the patient by processing a tumor sample obtained from the         patient into multiple tumor fragments;     -   (b) adding the tumor fragments into a closed system;     -   (c) performing a first expansion by culturing the first         population of TILs in a cell culture medium comprising IL-2, and         optionally OKT-3, to produce a second population of TILs,         wherein the first expansion is performed in a closed container         providing a first gas-permeable surface area, wherein the first         expansion is performed for about 3-14 days to obtain the second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, and wherein the transition from step (b) to step (c)         occurs without opening the system;     -   (d) performing a second expansion by supplementing the cell         culture medium of the second population of TILs with additional         IL-2, optionally OKT-3, and antigen presenting cells (APCs), to         produce a third population of TILs, wherein the second expansion         is performed for about 7-14 days to obtain the third population         of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is a therapeutic         population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed in         a closed container providing a second gas-permeable surface         area, and wherein the transition from step (c) to step (d)         occurs without opening the system;     -   (e) harvesting the therapeutic population of TILs obtained from         step (d) to provide a harvested TIL population, wherein the         transition from step (d) to step (e) occurs without opening the         system;     -   (f) transferring the harvested TIL population from step (e) to         an infusion bag, wherein the transfer from step (e) to (f)         occurs without opening the system, and optionally cryopreserving         the harvested TIL population;     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the         harvested TIL population to the patient with double-refractory         metastatic melanoma; and     -   (h) measuring the level of IP-10 in the patient after         administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in         step (g).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h) is measured.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1650 pg/mL, at least 1656 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h) is indicative of treatment efficacy.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the level of IP-10 is measured about 1 day to 10 days post administering the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the level of IP-10 is measured 1 day post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the level of IP-10 is measured about 6 hours to 24 hours post administering the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the method further comprises a step of measuring the level of IP-10 in the patient prior to administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the increase is based on an increase in the level of IP-10 after administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g) as compared to the level of IP-10 in the patient prior to administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the patient is administered one or more further dosages of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring no increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h) or predicting the patient will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring no increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, predicting the probability that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) is based upon the presence or absence of an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the increase in the level of IP-10 is an increase of at least one-fold, two-fold, three-fold, four-fold, or five-fold or more.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, predicting the probability that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) comprises correlating the level of IP-10 measured in the patient with a threshold value, wherein if the level of IP-10 measured is above the threshold value one or more further TIL treatment dosages is indicated.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a method of predicting a treatment response and/or predicting treatment efficacy for administration of a therapeutically effective amount of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to a patient, the method comprising:

-   -   a) obtaining a biological sample from a patient with cancer,         including double-refractory metastatic melanoma;     -   b) measuring the level of IP-10 in the biological sample from         a);     -   c) administering a therapeutically effective amount of TILs;     -   d) obtaining a biological sample from the patient after the         administration of the therapeutically effective amount of TILs         in step c)     -   e) measuring the level of IP-10 in the biological sample from         d);     -   f) predicting a treatment response to and/or predicting         treatment efficacy of the administration of the therapeutically         effective amount of the TILs based upon the level of IP-10         measured after administration as compared to the level of IP-10         measured prior to administration.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, an increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (e) as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) is observed.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1650 pg/mL, at least 1656 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (e) as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) is indicative of treatment efficacy.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the level of IP-10 is measured in step (e) about 1 day to 10 days post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (c).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the level of IP-10 is measured in step (e) about 1 day post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (c).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the level of IP-10 is measured in step (e) about 6 hours to 24 hours post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, predicting that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (c) is based upon an increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (f).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, measuring an increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (e) as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) indicates that the patient will respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (d).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the patient is administered one or more further dosages of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, measuring no increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (e) as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) indicates that the patient will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (d).

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the level of IP-10 is increased one-fold, two-fold, three-fold, four-fold, five-fold or more.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, predicting that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (d) further comprises correlating the level of IP-10 measured in the patient with a threshold value, wherein if the level of IP-10 measured is above the threshold value one or more further TIL treatment dosages is indicated.

In an embodiment and in accordance with any of the above, the therapeutically effective population of TILs comprises from about 2.3×10¹⁰ to about 13.7×10¹⁰ TILs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings.

FIG. 1 illustrates a TIL expansion and therapeutic treatment process. Step 1 refers to the addition of 4 tumor fragments into 10 G-Rex 10 flasks. At step 2, approximately 40×10⁶ TILs or greater are obtained. At step 3, a split occurs into 36 G-Rex 100 flasks for REP. TILs are harvested by centrifugation at step 4. Fresh TIL product is obtained at step 5 after a total process time of approximately 43 days, at which point TILs may be infused into a patient.

FIG. 2 illustrates a treatment and manufacturing timeline for use with TILs prepared according to the present disclosure and the process of FIG. 1. Surgery (and tumor resection) occurs at the start, and lymphodepletion chemo refers to non-myeloablative lymphodepletion with chemotherapy as described elsewhere herein.

FIG. 3 illustrates a TIL expansion and therapeutic treatment process, including a “direct to REP” step wherein pre-REP TILs are placed directly into a REP process. The total process time is approximately 22 days, at which point TILs may be infused into a patient.

FIG. 4 illustrates a treatment and manufacturing timeline for use with TILs prepared according to the present disclosure and the process of FIG. 3, when the cell count at day 6 is greater than 250×10⁶.

FIG. 5 illustrates a treatment and manufacturing timeline for use with TILs prepared according to the present disclosure and the process of FIG. 3, when the cell count at day 6 is less than 250×10⁶, and wherein lymphodepletion is begun later so as to allow for an assessment of the viability of the TIL product before lymphodepleting the patient.

FIG. 6 shows a detailed schematic of a TIL manufacturing process according to FIG. 3.

FIG. 7 depicts the design of a clinical study using TIL therapies prepared by different methods in double-refractory melanoma.

FIG. 8 summarizes patient characteristics in the clinical study.

FIG. 9 summarizes patient characteristics in the clinical study.

FIG. 10 summarizes treatment emergent serious adverse events in the clinical study. The “*” indicates a not related to therapy event occurring six months after treatment.

FIG. 11 summarizes efficacy results in the clinical study.

FIG. 12 illustrates a waterfall of response plot showing efficacy in the clinical study. Responses are independent of BRAF mutational status.

FIG. 13 illustrates time to best response and duration in the clinical study.

FIG. 14 illustrates percentage change in sum of diameters in the clinical study.

FIG. 15 illustrates scans from a patient in complete remission.

FIG. 16 illustrates the design of a clinical study using TIL therapies.

FIG. 17 illustrates the results of a second clinical study performing using a TIL manufacturing process as described in Radvanyi, et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 2012, 18, 6758-70. NT refers to not tested, WT refers to wild type, and irRC refers to immune-related response criteria. Site of TIL harvest is specified as follows: 1: skin/SC; 2: lymph nodes; 3: lungs; and 4: gastrointestinal/visceral.

FIG. 18: Exemplary Process 2A chart providing an overview of Steps A through F.

FIG. 19A-19C: Process Flow Chart of Process 2A.

FIG. 20: Shows a diagram of an embodiment of a cryopreserved TIL exemplary manufacturing process (˜22 days).

FIG. 21: Shows a diagram of an embodiment of process 2A, a 22-day process for TIL manufacturing.

FIG. 22: Comparison table of Steps A through F from exemplary embodiments of process 1C and process 2A.

FIG. 23: Detailed comparison of an embodiment of process 1C and an embodiment of process 2A.

FIG. 24A-24B: Updated efficacy data for Cohort 1 from the final data cut (N=23 patients). Abbreviations: PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease.

FIG. 25: Scheme of Gen 2 cryopreserved LN-144 manufacturing process.

FIG. 26: Scheme of study design of multicenter phase 2 clinical trial of novel cryopreserved TILs administered to patients with metastatic melanoma.

FIG. 27: Table illustrating the Comparison Patient Characteristics from Cohort 1 (ASCO 2017) vs Cohort 2.

FIG. 28: Table illustrating treatment emergent adverse events (≥30%).

FIG. 29: Efficacy of the infusion product and TIL therapy.

FIG. 30: Clinical status of response evaluable patients with SD or a better response.

FIG. 31: Percent change in sum of diameters.

FIG. 32: An increase of HMGB1 level was observed upon TIL treatment.

FIG. 33: An increase in the biomarker IL-10 was observed post-LN-144 infusion.

FIG. 34: Updated patient characteristics for Cohort 2 of the phase 2 clinical trial in metastatic melanoma from the second data cut (N=17 patients).

FIG. 35: Treatment emergent adverse events for Cohort 2 (≥30%) from the second data cut (N=17 patients).

FIG. 36: Time to response for evaluable patients (stable disease or better) in Cohort 2 from the second data cut (N=17 patients). Of the 10 patients in the efficacy set, one patient (Patient 10) was not evaluable due to a melanoma-related death prior to the first tumor assessment not represented on the figure.

FIG. 37: Updated efficacy data for Cohort 2 from the second data cut (N=17 patients). The mean number of TILs infused is 34×10¹. The median number of prior therapies was 4.5. Patients with a BRAF mutation responded as well as patients with wild-type BRAF (a* refers to patients with a BRAF mutation). One patient (Patient 10) was not evaluable due to a melanoma-related death prior to the first tumor assessment but was still considered in the efficacy set. Abbreviations: PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease.

FIG. 38: Updated efficacy data for evaluable patients from Cohort 2 from the second data cut (N=17 patients). The * indicates a non-evaluable patient that did not reach the first assessment. All efficacy-evaluable patients had received prior anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor therapies.

FIG. 39: Representative computed tomography scan of a patient (003-015) with a PR from Cohort 2, second data cut.

FIG. 40: Exemplary schematic of the process for manufacturing of cryopreserved autologous TIL (LN-144, lifileucel), 22-day process.

FIG. 41: Schematic of the study design for example 14.

FIG. 42: Charts showing patient characteristics for Cohort 2. 3.3 mean prior therapies, ranging from 1-9. High tumor burden at baseline 112 mm sum of diameters for the target lesions.

FIG. 43: Data showing efficacy of treatment response for Example 14 study. Four patients who had no disease assessment following autologous TIL (lifileucel, LN-144) due to cancer-related death are not shown. Per RECIST 1.1, two patients (31, 33) had BOR of SD: met PR criteria at Day 42 and PD at Day 84 due to new lesions

FIG. 44: Data showing time to response for evaluable patients (PR or Better). (1) BOR is best overall response on prior anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. (2) U: unknown best overall response on prior anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.

FIG. 45: Data showing percent change from baseline in sum of target lesion diameters over time.

FIG. 46: Data showing treatment emergent adverse events (≥30%). *One death was due to intra-abdominal hemorrhage considered possibly related to TIL and one was due to acute respiratory failure assessed as not related to TIL per investigator assessment. Patients with multiple events for a given preferred term are counted only once using the maximum grade under each preferred term. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events refer to all AEs starting on or after the first dose date of TIL up to 30 days.

FIG. 47: Chart showing treatment efficacy from the Example 14 study. *NE due to not reaching first assessment. 1 uPRs (4) were all due to timing not having reached the second assessment.

FIG. 48: Data showing biomarker levels for IP-10. Change in IP-10 (CXCL10) level in periphery may have a correlation with response. Mean change in IP-10 levels from baseline to day 1 post TIL infusion was higher among responders vs. nonresponders (p=0.19). the Y-axis is in pg/mL. D-7 is seven days before TIL infusion (administration) and D-1 is one day after TIL infusion (administration).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

SEQ ID NO:1 is the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of muromonab.

SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid sequence of the light chain of muromonab.

SEQ ID NO:3 is the amino acid sequence of a recombinant human IL-2 protein.

SEQ ID NO:4 is the amino acid sequence of aldesleukin.

SEQ ID NO:5 is the amino acid sequence of a recombinant human IL-4 protein.

SEQ ID NO:6 is the amino acid sequence of a recombinant human IL-7 protein.

SEQ ID NO:7 is the amino acid sequence of a recombinant human IL-15 protein.

SEQ ID NO:8 is the amino acid sequence of a recombinant human IL-21 protein.

SEQ ID NO:9 is the amino acid sequence of human 4-1BB.

SEQ ID NO:10 is the amino acid sequence of murine 4-1BB.

SEQ ID NO:11 is the heavy chain for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody utomilumab (PF-05082566).

SEQ ID NO:12 is the light chain for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody utomilumab (PF-05082566).

SEQ ID NO:13 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody utomilumab (PF-05082566).

SEQ ID NO: 14 is the light chain variable region (VL) for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody utomilumab (PF-05082566).

SEQ ID NO: 15 is the heavy chain CDR1 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody utomilumab (PF-05082566).

SEQ ID NO: 16 is the heavy chain CDR2 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody utomilumab (PF-05082566).

SEQ ID NO: 17 is the heavy chain CDR3 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody utomilumab (PF-05082566).

SEQ ID NO: 18 is the light chain CDR1 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody utomilumab (PF-05082566).

SEQ ID NO:19 is the light chain CDR2 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody utomilumab (PF-05082566).

SEQ ID NO:20 is the light chain CDR3 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody utomilumab (PF-05082566).

SEQ ID NO:21 is the heavy chain for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody urelumab (BMS-663513).

SEQ ID NO:22 is the light chain for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody urelumab (BMS-663513).

SEQ ID NO:23 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody urelumab (BMS-663513).

SEQ ID NO:24 is the light chain variable region (VL) for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody urelumab (BMS-663513).

SEQ ID NO:25 is the heavy chain CDR1 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody urelumab (BMS-663513).

SEQ ID NO:26 is the heavy chain CDR2 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody urelumab (BMS-663513).

SEQ ID NO:27 is the heavy chain CDR3 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody urelumab (BMS-663513).

SEQ ID NO:28 is the light chain CDR1 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody urelumab (BMS-663513).

SEQ ID NO:29 is the light chain CDR2 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody urelumab (BMS-663513).

SEQ ID NO:30 is the light chain CDR3 for the 4-1BB agonist monoclonal antibody urelumab (BMS-663513).

SEQ ID NO:31 is an Fe domain for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:32 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:33 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:34 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:35 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:36 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:37 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:38 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:39 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:40 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:41 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:42 is an Fe domain for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:43 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:44 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:45 is a linker for a TNFRSF agonist fusion protein.

SEQ ID NO:46 is a 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) amino acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO:47 is a soluble portion of 4-1BBL polypeptide.

SEQ ID NO:48 is a heavy chain variable region (VH) for the 4-1BB agonist antibody 4B4-1-1 version 1.

SEQ ID NO:49 is a light chain variable region (VL) for the 4-1BB agonist antibody 4B4-1-1 version 1.

SEQ ID NO:50 is a heavy chain variable region (VH) for the 4-1BB agonist antibody 4B4-1-1 version 2.

SEQ ID NO:51 is a light chain variable region (VL) for the 4-1BB agonist antibody 4B4-1-1 version 2.

SEQ ID NO:52 is a heavy chain variable region (VH) for the 4-1BB agonist antibody H39E3-2.

SEQ ID NO:53 is a light chain variable region (VL) for the 4-1BB agonist antibody H39E3-2.

SEQ ID NO:54 is the amino acid sequence of human OX40.

SEQ ID NO:55 is the amino acid sequence of murine OX40.

SEQ ID NO:56 is the heavy chain for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody tavolixizumab (MEDI-0562).

SEQ ID NO:57 is the light chain for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody tavolixizumab (MEDI-0562).

SEQ ID NO:58 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody tavolixizumab (MEDI-0562).

SEQ ID NO:59 is the light chain variable region (VL) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody tavolixizumab (MEDI-0562).

SEQ ID NO:60 is the heavy chain CDR1 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody tavolixizumab (MEDI-0562).

SEQ ID NO:61 is the heavy chain CDR2 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody tavolixizumab (MEDI-0562).

SEQ ID NO:62 is the heavy chain CDR3 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody tavolixizumab (MEDI-0562).

SEQ ID NO:63 is the light chain CDR1 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody tavolixizumab (MEDI-0562).

SEQ ID NO:64 is the light chain CDR2 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody tavolixizumab (MEDI-0562).

SEQ ID NO:65 is the light chain CDR3 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody tavolixizumab (MEDI-0562).

SEQ ID NO:66 is the heavy chain for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 11D4.

SEQ ID NO:67 is the light chain for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 11D4.

SEQ ID NO:68 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 11D4.

SEQ ID NO:69 is the light chain variable region (VL) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 11D4.

SEQ ID NO:70 is the heavy chain CDR1 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 11D4.

SEQ ID NO:71 is the heavy chain CDR2 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 11D4.

SEQ ID NO:72 is the heavy chain CDR3 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 11D4.

SEQ ID NO:73 is the light chain CDR1 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 11D4.

SEQ ID NO:74 is the light chain CDR2 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 11D4.

SEQ ID NO:75 is the light chain CDR3 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 11D4.

SEQ ID NO:76 is the heavy chain for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 18D8.

SEQ ID NO:77 is the light chain for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 18D8.

SEQ ID NO:78 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 18D8.

SEQ ID NO:79 is the light chain variable region (VL) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 18D8.

SEQ ID NO:80 is the heavy chain CDR1 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 18D8.

SEQ ID NO:81 is the heavy chain CDR2 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 18D8.

SEQ ID NO:82 is the heavy chain CDR3 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 18D8.

SEQ ID NO:83 is the light chain CDR1 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 18D8.

SEQ ID NO:84 is the light chain CDR2 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 18D8.

SEQ ID NO:85 is the light chain CDR3 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 18D8.

SEQ ID NO:86 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu119-122.

SEQ ID NO:87 is the light chain variable region (VL) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu119-122.

SEQ ID NO:88 is the heavy chain CDR1 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu119-122.

SEQ ID NO:89 is the heavy chain CDR2 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu119-122.

SEQ ID NO:90 is the heavy chain CDR3 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu119-122.

SEQ ID NO:91 is the light chain CDR1 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu119-122.

SEQ ID NO:92 is the light chain CDR2 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu119-122.

SEQ ID NO:93 is the light chain CDR3 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu119-122.

SEQ ID NO:94 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu106-222.

SEQ ID NO:95 is the light chain variable region (VL) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu106-222.

SEQ ID NO:96 is the heavy chain CDR1 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu106-222.

SEQ ID NO:97 is the heavy chain CDR2 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu106-222.

SEQ ID NO:98 is the heavy chain CDR3 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu106-222.

SEQ ID NO:99 is the light chain CDR1 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu106-222.

SEQ ID NO:100 is the light chain CDR2 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu106-222.

SEQ ID NO:101 is the light chain CDR3 for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody Hu106-222.

SEQ ID NO:102 is an OX40 ligand (OX40L) amino acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO:103 is a soluble portion of OX40L polypeptide.

SEQ ID NO:104 is an alternative soluble portion of OX40L polypeptide.

SEQ ID NO:105 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 008.

SEQ ID NO:106 is the light chain variable region (VL) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 008.

SEQ ID NO:107 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 011.

SEQ ID NO:108 is the light chain variable region (VL) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 011.

SEQ ID NO:109 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 021.

SEQ ID NO:110 is the light chain variable region (VL) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 021.

SEQ ID NO:111 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 023.

SEQ ID NO:112 is the light chain variable region (VL) for the OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody 023.

SEQ ID NO:113 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for an OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:114 is the light chain variable region (VL) for an OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:115 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for an OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:116 is the light chain variable region (VL) for an OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:117 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for a humanized OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:118 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for a humanized OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:119 is the light chain variable region (VL) for a humanized OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:120 is the light chain variable region (VL) for a humanized OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:121 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for a humanized OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:122 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for a humanized OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:123 is the light chain variable region (VL) for a humanized OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:124 is the light chain variable region (VL) for a humanized OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:125 is the heavy chain variable region (VH) for an OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

SEQ ID NO:126 is the light chain variable region (VL) for an OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents and publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents and publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

The term “in vivo” refers to an event that takes place in a subject's body.

The term “in vitro” refers to an event that takes places outside of a subject's body. In vitro assays encompass cell-based assays in which cells alive or dead are employed and may also encompass a cell-free assay in which no intact cells are employed.

The term “ex vivo” refers to an event which involves treating or performing a procedure on a cell, tissue and/or organ which has been removed from a subject's body. Aptly, the cell, tissue and/or organ may be returned to the subject's body in a method of surgery or treatment.

The term “rapid expansion” means an increase in the number of antigen-specific TILs of at least about 3-fold (or 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, or 9-fold) over a period of a week, more preferably at least about 10-fold (or 20-, 30-, 40-, 50-, 60-, 70-, 80-, or 90-fold) over a period of a week, or most preferably at least about 100-fold over a period of a week. A number of rapid expansion protocols are outlined below.

By “tumor infiltrating lymphocytes” or “TILs” herein is meant a population of cells originally obtained as white blood cells that have left the bloodstream of a subject and migrated into a tumor. TILs include, but are not limited to, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (lymphocytes), Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and M1 macrophages. TILs include both primary and secondary TILs. “Primary TILs” are those that are obtained from patient tissue samples as outlined herein (sometimes referred to as “freshly harvested”), and “secondary TILs” are any TIL cell populations that have been expanded or proliferated as discussed herein, including, but not limited to bulk TILs and expanded TILs (“REP TILs” or “post-REP TILs”). TIL cell populations can include genetically modified TILs.

By “population of cells” (including TILs) herein is meant a number of cells that share common traits. In general, populations generally range from 1×10⁶ to 1×10¹⁰ in number, with different TIL populations comprising different numbers. For example, initial growth of primary TILs in the presence of IL-2 results in a population of bulk TILs of roughly 1×10⁸ cells. REP expansion is generally done to provide populations of 1.5×10⁹ to 1.5×10¹⁰ cells for infusion.

By “cryopreserved TILs” herein is meant that TILs, either primary, bulk, or expanded (REP TILs), are treated and stored in the range of about −150° C. to −60° C. General methods for cryopreservation are also described elsewhere herein, including in the Examples. For clarity, “cryopreserved TILs” are distinguishable from frozen tissue samples which may be used as a source of primary TILs.

By “thawed cryopreserved TILs” herein is meant a population of TILs that was previously cryopreserved and then treated to return to room temperature or higher, including but not limited to cell culture temperatures or temperatures wherein TILs may be administered to a patient.

TILs can generally be defined either biochemically, using cell surface markers, or functionally, by their ability to infiltrate tumors and effect treatment. TILs can be generally categorized by expressing one or more of the following biomarkers: CD4, CD8, TCR ββ, CD27, CD28, CD56, CCR7, CD45Ra, CD95, PD-1, and CD25. Additionally and alternatively, TILs can be functionally defined by their ability to infiltrate solid tumors upon reintroduction into a patient.

The term “cryopreservation media” or “cryopreservation medium” refers to any medium that can be used for cryopreservation of cells. Such media can include media comprising 7% to 10% DMSO. Exemplary media include CryoStor CS10, Hyperthermasol, as well as combinations thereof. The term “CS10” refers to a cryopreservation medium which is obtained from Stemcell Technologies or from Biolife Solutions. The CS10 medium may be referred to by the trade name “CryoStor® CS10”. The CS10 medium is a serum-free, animal component-free medium which comprises DMSO.

The term “central memory T cell” refers to a subset of T cells that in the human are CD45R0+ and constitutively express CCR7 (CCR7hi) and CD62L (CD62hi). The surface phenotype of central memory T cells also includes TCR, CD3, CD127 (IL-7R), and IL-15R. Transcription factors for central memory T cells include BCL-6, BCL-6B, MBD2, and BMI1. Central memory T cells primarily secret IL-2 and CD40L as effector molecules after TCR triggering. Central memory T cells are predominant in the CD4 compartment in blood, and in the human are proportionally enriched in lymph nodes and tonsils.

The term “effector memory T cell” refers to a subset of human or mammalian T cells that, like central memory T cells, are CD45R0+, but have lost the constitutive expression of CCR7 (CCR7lo) and are heterogeneous or low for CD62L expression (CD62Llo). The surface phenotype of central memory T cells also includes TCR, CD3, CD127 (IL-7R), and IL-15R. Transcription factors for central memory T cells include BLIMP1. Effector memory T cells rapidly secret high levels of inflammatory cytokines following antigenic stimulation, including interferon-γ, IL-4, and TL-5. Effector memory T cells are predominant in the CD8 compartment in blood, and in the human are proportionally enriched in the lung, liver, and gut. CD8+ effector memory T cells carry large amounts of perforin.

The term “closed system” refers to a system that is closed to the outside environment. Any closed system appropriate for cell culture methods can be employed with the methods of the present invention. Closed systems include, for example, but are not limited to closed G-containers. Once a tumor segment is added to the closed system, the system is no opened to the outside environment until the TILs are ready to be administered to the patient.

The terms “fragmenting,” “fragment,” and “fragmented,” as used herein to describe processes for disrupting a tumor, includes mechanical fragmentation methods such as crushing, slicing, dividing, and morcellating tumor tissue as well as any other method for disrupting the physical structure of tumor tissue.

The terms “peripheral blood mononuclear cells” and “PBMCs” refers to a peripheral blood cell having a round nucleus, including lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells) and monocytes. Preferably, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells are irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PBMCs are a type of antigen-presenting cell.

The term “anti-CD3 antibody” refers to an antibody or variant thereof, e.g., a monoclonal antibody and including human, humanized, chimeric or murine antibodies which are directed against the CD3 receptor in the T cell antigen receptor of mature T cells. Anti-CD3 antibodies include OKT-3, also known as muromonab. Anti-CD3 antibodies also include the UHCT1 clone, also known as T3 and CD3ε. Other anti-CD3 antibodies include, for example, otelixizumab, teplizumab, and visilizumab.

The term “OKT-3” (also referred to herein as “OKT3”) refers to a monoclonal antibody or biosimilar or variant thereof, including human, humanized, chimeric, or murine antibodies, directed against the CD3 receptor in the T cell antigen receptor of mature T cells, and includes commercially-available forms such as OKT-3 (30 ng/mL, MACS GMP CD3 pure, Miltenyi Biotech, Inc., San Diego, Calif., USA) and muromonab or variants, conservative amino acid substitutions, glycoforms, or biosimilars thereof. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light chains of muromonab are given in Table 1 (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2). A hybridoma capable of producing OKT-3 is deposited with the American Type Culture Collection and assigned the ATCC accession number CRL 8001. A hybridoma capable of producing OKT-3 is also deposited with European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC) and assigned Catalogue No. 86022706. A hybridoma capable of producing OKT-3 is deposited with the American Type Culture Collection and assigned the ATCC accession number CRL 8001. A hybridoma capable of producing OKT-3 is also deposited with European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC) and assigned Catalogue No. 86022706. Anti-CD3 antibodies also include the UHCT1 clone (commercially available from BioLegend, San Diego, Calif., USA), also known as T3 and CD3ε.

TABLE 1  Amino acid sequences of muromonab. Identifier Sequence(One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 1 QVQLQQSGAE LARPGASVKM SCKASGYTFT RYTMHWVKQR PGQGLEWIGY INPSRGYTNY   60 Muromonab NQHFKDKATL TTDKSSSTAY MQLSSLTSED SAVYYCARYY DDHYCLDYWG QGTTLTVSSA  120 heavy KTTAPSVYPL APVCGGTTGS SVTLGCLVKG YFPEPVTLTW NSGSLSSGVH TFPAVLQSDL 180 chain YTLSSSVTVT SSTWPSQSIT CNVAHPASST KVDKKIEPRP KSCDKTHTCP PCPAPELLGG  240 PSVFLFPPKP KDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVS HEDPEVKFNW YVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQYN  300 STYRVVSVLT VLHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKA LPAPIEKTIS KAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSRDE  360 LTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRW  420 QQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPGK 450 SEQ ID NO: 2 QIVLTQSPAI MSASPGEKVT MTCSASSSVS YMNWYQQKSG TSPKRWIYDT SKLASGVPAH   60 Muromonab FRGSGSGTSY SLTISGMEAE DAATYYCQQW SSNPFTFGSG TKLEINRADT APTVSIFPPS  120 light SEQLTSGGAS VVCFLNNFYP KDINVKWKID GSERQNGVLN SWTDQDSKDS TYSMSSTLTL  180 chain TKDEYERHNS YTCEATHKTS TSPIVKSFNR NEC 213

The term “IL-2” (also referred to herein as “IL2”) refers to the T cell growth factor known as interleukin-2, and includes all forms of IL-2 including human and mammalian forms, conservative amino acid substitutions, glycoforms, biosimilars, and variants thereof. IL-2 is described, e.g., in Nelson, J. Immunol. 2004, 172, 3983-88 and Malek, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2008, 26, 453-79, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. The amino acid sequence of recombinant human IL-2 suitable for use in the invention is given in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO:3). For example, the term IL-2 encompasses human, recombinant forms of IL-2 such as aldesleukin (PROLEUKIN, available commercially from multiple suppliers in 22 million IU per single use vials), as well as the form of recombinant IL-2 commercially supplied by CellGenix, Inc., Portsmouth, N.H., USA (CELLGRO GMP) or ProSpec-Tany TechnoGene Ltd., East Brunswick, N.J., USA (Cat. No. CYT-209-b) and other commercial equivalents from other vendors. Aldesleukin (des-alanyl-1, serine-125 human IL-2) is a nonglycosylated human recombinant form of IL-2 with a molecular weight of approximately 15 kDa. The amino acid sequence of aldesleukin suitable for use in the invention is given in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO:4). The term IL-2 also encompasses pegylated forms of IL-2, as described herein, including the pegylated IL2 prodrug NKTR-214, available from Nektar Therapeutics, South San Francisco, Calif., USA. NKTR-214 and pegylated IL-2 suitable for use in the invention is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2014/0328791 A1 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2012/065086 A1, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. Alternative forms of conjugated IL-2 suitable for use in the invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,766,106, 5,206,344, 5,089,261 and 4902,502, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. Formulations of IL-2 suitable for use in the invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,706,289, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

TABLE 2 Amino acid sequences of interleukins. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 3 MAPTSSSTEK TQLQLEHLLL DLQMILNGIN NYENPELTRM LTFKEYMPEK ATELEHLQCL  60 recombinant EEELKPLEEV LNLAQSENFH LRPRDLISNI NVIVLELEGS ETTFMCEYAD ETATIVEFLN 120 human IL-2 RWITFCQSII STLT 134 (rhIL-2) SEQ ID NO: 4 PTSSSTKKTQ LQLEHLLLDL QMILNGINNY KNPKLTRMLT FKFYMPKKAT ELKHLQCLEE  60 Aldesleukin ELKPLEEVLN LAQSKNFHLR PRDLISNINV IVLELKGSET TFMCEYADET ATIVEFLNRW 120 ITFSQSIIST LT 132 SEQ ID NO: 5 MHKCDITLQE IIKTLNSLTE QKTLCTELTV TDIFAASKNT TEKETFCRAA TVLRQFYSHH  60 recombinant EKDTRCLGAT AQQFHRHKQL IRFLKRLDRN LWGLAGLNSC PVKEANQSTL ENFLERLKTI 120 human IL-4 MREKYSKCSS 130 (rhIL-4) SEQ ID NO: 6 MDCDIEGKDG KQYESVLMVS IDQLLDSMKE IGSNCLNNEF NFFKRHICDA NKEGMFLFRA  60 recombinant ARKLRQFLKM NSTGDFDLHL LKVSEGTTIL LNCTGQVKGR KPAALGEAQP TKSLEENKSL 120 human IL-7 KEQKKLNDLC FLKRLLQEIK TCWNKILMGT KEH 153 (rhIL-7) SEQ ID NO: 7 MNWVNVISDL KKIEDLIQSM HIDATLYTES DVHPSCKVTA MKCFLLELQV ISLESGDASI  60 recombinant HDTVENLIIL ANNSLSSNGN VTESGCKECE ELEEKNIKEF LQSFVHIVQM FINTS 115 human IL-15 (rhIL-15) SEQ ID NO: 8 MQDRHMIRMR QLIDIVDQLX NYVNDLVPEF LPAPEDVETN CEWSAFSCFQ KAQLKSANTG  60 recombinant NNERIINVSI KKLKRKPPST NAGRRQKHRL TCPSCDSYEK KPPKEFLERF KSLLQKMIHQ 120 human IL-21 HLSSRTHGSE DS 132 (rhIL-21)

The term “IL-4” (also referred to herein as “IL4”) refers to the cytokine known as interleukin 4, which is produced by Th2 T cells and by eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. IL-4 regulates the differentiation of naïve helper T cells (Th0 cells) to Th2 T cells. Steinke and Borish, Respir. Res. 2001, 2, 66-70. Upon activation by IL-4, Th2 T cells subsequently produce additional IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 also stimulates B cell proliferation and class II MHC expression, and induces class switching to IgE and IgG1 expression from B cells. Recombinant human IL-4 suitable for use in the invention is commercially available from multiple suppliers, including ProSpec-Tany TechnoGene Ltd., East Brunswick, N.J., USA (Cat. No. CYT-211) and ThermoFisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA (human IL-15 recombinant protein, Cat. No. Gibco CTP0043). The amino acid sequence of recombinant human IL-4 suitable for use in the invention is given in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO:5).

The term “IL-7” (also referred to herein as “IL7”) refers to a glycosylated tissue-derived cytokine known as interleukin 7, which may be obtained from stromal and epithelial cells, as well as from dendritic cells. Fry and Mackall, Blood 2002, 99, 3892-904. IL-7 can stimulate the development of T cells. IL-7 binds to the IL-7 receptor, a heterodimer consisting of IL-7 receptor alpha and common gamma chain receptor, which in a series of signals important for T cell development within the thymus and survival within the periphery. Recombinant human IL-7 suitable for use in the invention is commercially available from multiple suppliers, including ProSpec-Tany TechnoGene Ltd., East Brunswick, N.J., USA (Cat. No. CYT-254) and ThermoFisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA (human IL-15 recombinant protein, Cat. No. Gibco PHC0071). The amino acid sequence of recombinant human IL-7 suitable for use in the invention is given in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO:6).

The term “IL-15” (also referred to herein as “IL15”) refers to the T cell growth factor known as interleukin-15, and includes all forms of IL-2 including human and mammalian forms, conservative amino acid substitutions, glycoforms, biosimilars, and variants thereof. IL-15 is described, e.g., in Fehniger and Caligiuri, Blood 2001, 97, 14-32, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. IL-15 shares β and γ signaling receptor subunits with IL-2. Recombinant human IL-15 is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 114 amino acids (and an N-terminal methionine) with a molecular mass of 12.8 kDa. Recombinant human IL-15 is commercially available from multiple suppliers, including ProSpec-Tany TechnoGene Ltd., East Brunswick, N.J., USA (Cat. No. CYT-230-b) and ThermoFisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA (human IL-15 recombinant protein, Cat. No. 34-8159-82). The amino acid sequence of recombinant human IL-15 suitable for use in the invention is given in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO:7).

The term “IL-21” (also referred to herein as “IL21”) refers to the pleiotropic cytokine protein known as interleukin-21, and includes all forms of IL-21 including human and mammalian forms, conservative amino acid substitutions, glycoforms, biosimilars, and variants thereof. IL-21 is described, e.g., in Spolski and Leonard, Nat. Rev. Drug. Disc. 2014, 13, 379-95, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. IL-21 is primarily produced by natural killer T cells and activated human CD4+ T cells. Recombinant human IL-21 is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 132 amino acids with a molecular mass of 15.4 kDa. Recombinant human IL-21 is commercially available from multiple suppliers, including ProSpec-Tany TechnoGene Ltd., East Brunswick, N.J., USA (Cat. No. CYT-408-b) and ThermoFisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA (human IL-21 recombinant protein, Cat. No. 14-8219-80). The amino acid sequence of recombinant human IL-21 suitable for use in the invention is given in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO:8).

When “an anti-tumor effective amount”, “an tumor-inhibiting effective amount”, or “therapeutic amount” is indicated, the precise amount of the compositions of the present invention to be administered can be determined by a physician with consideration of individual differences in age, weight, tumor size, extent of infection or metastasis, and condition of the patient (subject). It can generally be stated that a pharmaceutical composition comprising the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (e.g. secondary TILs or genetically modified cytotoxic lymphocytes) described herein may be administered at a dosage of 10⁴ to 10¹¹ cells/kg body weight (e.g., 10⁵ to 10⁶, 10⁵ to 10¹⁰, 10⁵ to 10¹¹, 10⁶ to 10¹⁰, 106 to 10¹¹, 10⁷ to 10¹¹, 10⁷ to 10¹⁰, 10⁸ to 10¹¹, 10⁸ to 10¹⁰, 10⁹ to 10¹¹, or 10⁹ to 10¹⁰ cells/kg body weight), including all integer values within those ranges. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (including in some cases, genetically modified cytotoxic lymphocytes) compositions may also be administered multiple times at these dosages. The tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (including in some cases, genetically) can be administered by using infusion techniques that are commonly known in immunotherapy (see, e.g., Rosenberg et al., New Eng. J. of Med. 319: 1676, 1988). The optimal dosage and treatment regime for a particular patient can readily be determined by one skilled in the art of medicine by monitoring the patient for signs of disease and adjusting the treatment accordingly.

The term “hematological malignancy” refers to mammalian cancers and tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, including but not limited to tissues of the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and lymphatic system. Hematological malignancies are also referred to as “liquid tumors.” Hematological malignancies include, but are not limited to, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL), Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The term “B cell hematological malignancy” refers to hematological malignancies that affect B cells.

The term “solid tumor” refers to an abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. Solid tumors may be benign or malignant. The term “solid tumor cancer refers to malignant, neoplastic, or cancerous solid tumors. Solid tumor cancers include, but are not limited to, sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas, such as cancers of the lung, breast, prostate, colon, rectum, and bladder. The tissue structure of solid tumors includes interdependent tissue compartments including the parenchyma (cancer cells) and the supporting stromal cells in which the cancer cells are dispersed and which may provide a supporting microenvironment.

The term “liquid tumor” refers to an abnormal mass of cells that is fluid in nature. Liquid tumor cancers include, but are not limited to, leukemias, myelomas, and lymphomas, as well as other hematological malignancies. TILs obtained from liquid tumors may also be referred to herein as marrow infiltrating lymphocytes (MILs).

The term “microenvironment,” as used herein, may refer to the solid or hematological tumor microenvironment as a whole or to an individual subset of cells within the microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment, as used herein, refers to a complex mixture of “cells, soluble factors, signaling molecules, extracellular matrices, and mechanical cues that promote neoplastic transformation, support tumor growth and invasion, protect the tumor from host immunity, foster therapeutic resistance, and provide niches for dominant metastases to thrive,” as described in Swartz, et al., Cancer Res., 2012, 72, 2473. Although tumors express antigens that should be recognized by T cells, tumor clearance by the immune system is rare because of immune suppression by the microenvironment.

The terms “co-administration,” “co-administering,” “administered in combination with,” “administering in combination with,” “simultaneous,” and “concurrent,” as used herein, encompass administration of two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, for example, at least one potassium channel agonist in combination with a plurality of TILs) to a subject so that both active pharmaceutical ingredients and/or their metabolites are present in the subject at the same time. Co-administration includes simultaneous administration in separate compositions, administration at different times in separate compositions, or administration in a composition in which two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients are present. Simultaneous administration in separate compositions and administration in a composition in which both agents are present are preferred.

The term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of a compound or combination of compounds as described herein that is sufficient to effect the intended application including, but not limited to, disease treatment. A therapeutically effective amount may vary depending upon the intended application (in vitro or in vivo), or the subject and disease condition being treated (e.g., the weight, age and gender of the subject), the severity of the disease condition, or the manner of administration. The term also applies to a dose that will induce a particular response in target cells (e.g., the reduction of platelet adhesion and/or cell migration). The specific dose will vary depending on the particular compounds chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, whether the compound is administered in combination with other compounds, timing of administration, the tissue to which it is administered, and the physical delivery system in which the compound is carried.

The terms “treatment”, “treating”, “treat”, and the like, refer to obtaining a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect. The effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a disease or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete cure for a disease and/or adverse effect attributable to the disease. “Treatment” and its grammatical equivalents, as used herein, covers any treatment of a disease in a mammal, particularly in a human, and includes: (a) preventing the disease from occurring in a subject which may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting its development or progression; and (c) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease and/or relieving one or more disease symptoms. “Treatment” is also meant to encompass delivery of an agent in order to provide for a pharmacologic effect, even in the absence of a disease or condition. For example, “treatment” encompasses delivery of a composition that can elicit an immune response or confer immunity in the absence of a disease condition, e.g., in the case of a vaccine.

The term “heterologous” when used with reference to portions of a nucleic acid or protein indicates that the nucleic acid or protein comprises two or more subsequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature. For instance, the nucleic acid is typically recombinantly produced, having two or more sequences from unrelated genes arranged to make a new functional nucleic acid, e.g., a promoter from one source and a coding region from another source, or coding regions from different sources. Similarly, a heterologous protein indicates that the protein comprises two or more subsequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature (e.g., a fusion protein).

The terms “sequence identity,” “percent identity,” and “sequence percent identity” (or synonyms thereof, e.g., “99% identical”) in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptides, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software are known in the art that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences. Suitable programs to determine percent sequence identity include for example the BLAST suite of programs available from the U.S. Government's National Center for Biotechnology Information BLAST web site. Comparisons between two sequences can be carried using either the BLASTN or BLASTP algorithm. BLASTN is used to compare nucleic acid sequences, while BLASTP is used to compare amino acid sequences. ALIGN, ALIGN-2 (Genentech, South San Francisco, Calif.) or MegAlign, available from DNASTAR, are additional publicly available software programs that can be used to align sequences. One skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for maximal alignment by particular alignment software. In certain embodiments, the default parameters of the alignment software are used.

As used herein, the term “variant” encompasses but is not limited to antibodies or fusion proteins which comprise an amino acid sequence which differs from the amino acid sequence of a reference antibody by way of one or more substitutions, deletions and/or additions at certain positions within or adjacent to the amino acid sequence of the reference antibody. The variant may comprise one or more conservative substitutions in its amino acid sequence as compared to the amino acid sequence of a reference antibody. Conservative substitutions may involve, e.g., the substitution of similarly charged or uncharged amino acids. The variant retains the ability to specifically bind to the antigen of the reference antibody. The term variant also includes pegylated antibodies or proteins.

By “tumor infiltrating lymphocytes” or “TILs” herein is meant a population of cells originally obtained as white blood cells that have left the bloodstream of a subject and migrated into a tumor. TILs include, but are not limited to, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (lymphocytes), Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and M1 macrophages. TILs include both primary and secondary TILs. “Primary TILs” are those that are obtained from patient tissue samples as outlined herein (sometimes referred to as “freshly harvested”), and “secondary TILs” are any TIL cell populations that have been expanded or proliferated as discussed herein, including, but not limited to bulk TILs, expanded TILs (“REP TILs”) as well as “reREP TILs” as discussed herein. reREP TILs can include for example second expansion TILs or second additional expansion TILs (such as, for example, those described in Step D of FIG. 27, including TILs referred to as reREP TILs).

TILs can generally be defined either biochemically, using cell surface markers, or functionally, by their ability to infiltrate tumors and effect treatment. TILs can be generally categorized by expressing one or more of the following biomarkers: CD4, CD8, TCR αβ, CD27, CD28, CD56, CCR7, CD45Ra, CD95, PD-1, and CD25. Additionally, and alternatively, TILs can be functionally defined by their ability to infiltrate solid tumors upon reintroduction into a patient. TILS may further be characterized by potency—for example, TILS may be considered potent if, for example, interferon (IFN) release is greater than about 50 pg/mL, greater than about 100 pg/mL, greater than about 150 pg/mL, or greater than about 200 pg/mL.

The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” are intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and inert ingredients. The use of such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for active pharmaceutical ingredients is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is incompatible with the active pharmaceutical ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions of the invention is contemplated. Additional active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as other drugs, can also be incorporated into the described compositions and methods.

The terms “about” and “approximately” mean within a statistically meaningful range of a value. Such a range can be within an order of magnitude, preferably within 50%, more preferably within 20%, more preferably still within 10%, and even more preferably within 5% of a given value or range. The allowable variation encompassed by the terms “about” or “approximately” depends on the particular system under study, and can be readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, as used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” mean that dimensions, sizes, formulations, parameters, shapes and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact, but may be approximate and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art. In general, a dimension, size, formulation, parameter, shape or other quantity or characteristic is “about” or “approximate” whether or not expressly stated to be such. It is noted that embodiments of very different sizes, shapes and dimensions may employ the described arrangements.

The transitional terms “comprising,” “consisting essentially of,” and “consisting of,” when used in the appended claims, in original and amended form, define the claim scope with respect to what unrecited additional claim elements or steps, if any, are excluded from the scope of the claim(s). The term “comprising” is intended to be inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude any additional, unrecited element, method, step or material. The term “consisting of” excludes any element, step or material other than those specified in the claim and, in the latter instance, impurities ordinary associated with the specified material(s). The term “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified elements, steps or material(s) and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention. All compositions, methods, and kits described herein that embody the present invention can, in alternate embodiments, be more specifically defined by any of the transitional terms “comprising,” “consisting essentially of,” and “consisting of.”

Methods of Treating Cancer

The compositions and methods involving TILs (and populations thereof) described herein can be used in a method for treating hyperproliferative disorders. In a preferred embodiment, they are for use in treating cancers. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic melanoma. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma.

Methods of treating metastatic double-refractory melanoma in accordance with the present invention include administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutic population of TILS derived from that patient's own tumor (autologous cell product). In certain embodiments, the cell product is composed of ≥90% CD45⁺CD3⁺ T cells. In some embodiments, the cell product is composed of ≥80%, ≥85%, ≥90%, ≥96%, ≥97%, ≥98%, or ≥99% CD45⁺CD3⁺ T cells. Natural killer (NK) cells and B cells may be present in the cell product, but generally represent less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1% of the total cells in the cell product.

For any of the treatment methods described herein, the route of administration of TIL therapy is generally by intravenous infusion. As described in further detail herein, this administration of TILs follows two or more prior systemic therapies. This administration of TIL therapy may also follow a nonmyeloablative lymphodeletion therapy such as cyclophosphamide and/or fludarabine. In further embodiments, IL-2 is administered to the patient following the TIL therapy.

As will be appreciated, the TILs used in the treatment methods described herein can be obtained and processed using methods known in the art and described herein. In certain exemplary embodiments, the therapeutic population TILs used in treatment methods of the invention are expanded from tumors resected from the patient with the metastatic double-refractory melanoma. Thus, the therapeutic population of TILs is “derived from” TILs from a tumor from the patient. The methods of expansion will in further embodiments include expansions such as those described herein in the section entitled “Methods of Expanding Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes.” Briefly, such methods include the steps of resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a first population of TILs, fragmenting the tumor, contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture medium to expand that first population of TILs into a second population of TILs, contacting the second population of TILs with a cell culture medium containing IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3 antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to perform an expansion of that second population of TILs to obtain a third population of TILs, where a therapeutically effective portion of that third population of TILs can be administered to the patient. In general, the expansion of the second population into the third (therapeutic) population of cells is performed over a period of 14 days or less. In additional embodiments, methods of expanding TILs include those exemplified in co-pending applications WO2018/081473, filed Oct. 26, 2017; PCT/US2018/012605, filed Jan. 5, 2018; and PCT/US18/12633, filed Jan. 5, 2018, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes and in particular for all teachings related to methods of expanding TILs from a tumor sample.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory cutaneous melanoma.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory uveal (ocular) melanoma.

As is discussed in further detail herein, the term “double-refractory melanoma” encompasses melanoma refractory to two or more prior systemic therapies. To be refractory to a prior systemic therapy is meant that the patient either had no response or progressed after receiving the prior systemic therapies.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to at least two prior systemic therapies, where those two prior system therapies are not including neo-adjuvant or adjuvant therapies such as interferon-α. As will be appreciated, neo-adjuvant therapies encompass therapies given as a first step to reduce the size of a tumor before the main treatment is given. As will further be appreciated, adjuvant therapies include additional cancer treatment given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. The presently disclosed invention comprises TILs treatments that are third, fourth or fifth-line therapies after the melanoma has not responded to or has progressed after at least two prior primary therapies. In further embodiments, the patient has been previously treated with one additional prior line of systemic therapy prior to receiving TILs treatments in accordance with the methods described herein.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to at least two prior systemic therapies, not including neo-adjuvant or adjuvant therapies such as interferon-α, wherein prior systemic therapies containing multiple agents, such as ipilimumab and nivolumab, or concurrent administration of multiple approved or experimental therapies, are counted as a single prior systemic therapy. In other words, the two prior systemic therapies may include primary therapies of combination treatments involving two or more therapies that are considered to be a single therapy. As will be appreciated, these combination therapies may include combinations of the same type of therapies (such as two checkpoint inhibitors), or they may include different types of therapies that are often provided in conjunction as a single therapy (such as radiation and chemotherapeutics).

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a checkpoint inhibitor and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a BRAF inhibitor and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy. In a further embodiment, the at least one other prior systemic therapy is a checkpoint inhibitor, and in a still further embodiment, the checkpoint inhibitor is a PD-1 inhibitor.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a checkpoint inhibitor and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy, wherein the one other prior systemic therapy is a combination of therapies.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a PD-1 inhibitor and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy. In a further embodiment, the patient received no more than 4 doses of PD-1 inhibitor prior to receiving treatment by TILs in accordance with the present invention. In a still further embodiment, the patient received no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 doses of PD-1 inhibitor receiving treatment by TILs in accordance with the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a PD-L1 inhibitor and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a CTLA-4 inhibitor and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a PD-1 inhibitor and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy, wherein the one other prior systemic therapy is a combination of therapies.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a PD-L1 inhibitor and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy, wherein the one other prior systemic therapy is a combination of therapies.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a CTLA-4 inhibitor and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy, wherein the one other prior systemic therapy is a combination of therapies.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a checkpoint inhibitor and (2) aldesleukin or a biosimilar or variant thereof, including pegylated IL-2.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to at least two checkpoint inhibitors given as separate prior therapies.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) pembrolizumab, or a biosimilar or variant thereof, and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) nivolumab, or a biosimilar or variant thereof, and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) ipilimumab, or a biosimilar or variant thereof, and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab, or biosimilars or variants thereof, and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a checkpoint inhibitor and (2) aldesleukin or a biosimilar or variant thereof, including pegylated IL-2.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) pembrolizumab, or a biosimilar or variant thereof, and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy, wherein the one other prior systemic therapy is a combination of therapies.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) nivolumab, or a biosimilar or variant thereof, and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy, wherein the one other prior systemic therapy is a combination of therapies.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) ipilimumab, or a biosimilar or variant thereof, and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy, wherein the one other prior systemic therapy is a combination of therapies.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is metastatic double-refractory melanoma refractory to (1) a combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab, or biosimilars or variants thereof, and (2) at least one other prior systemic therapy, wherein the one other prior systemic therapy is a combination of therapies.

In any of the foregoing embodiments, the metastatic double-refractory melanoma may be a cutaneous metastatic double-refractory melanoma.

As is described in further detail herein, the therapeutic population of TILs used in any of the treatment methods of the invention may be cryopreserved or non-cryopreserved. Cryopreserved TILs are produced according to methods known in the art or as described in further detail herein.

In accordance with any of the above-described embodiments, the double-refractory metastatic melanoma may be refractory to PD-1 inhibitors that can include for example antibodies that target PD-1, e.g., but are not limited to nivolumab (BMS-936558, Bristol-Myers Squibb; Opdivo®), pembrolizumab (lambrolizumab, MK03475 or MK-3475, Merck; Keytruda®), humanized anti-PD-1 antibody JS001 (ShangHai JunShi), monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody TSR-042 (Tesaro, Inc.), Pidilizumab (anti-PD-1 mAb CT-011, Medivation), anti-PD-1 monoclonal Antibody BGB-A317 (BeiGene), and/or anti-PD-1 antibody SHR-1210 (ShangHai HengRui), human monoclonal antibody REGN2810 (Regeneron), human monoclonal antibody MDX-1106 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), and/or humanized anti-PD-1 IgG4 antibody PDR001 (Novartis). In some embodiments, the PD-1 antibody is from clone: RMP1-14 (rat IgG)—BioXcell cat #BP0146. Other PD-1 antibodies include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,449, herein incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds specifically to PD-L1 and inhibits its interaction with PD-1, thereby increasing immune activity. Any antibodies known in the art which bind to PD-L1 and disrupt the interaction between the PD-1 and PD-L1, and stimulates an anti-tumor immune response, may also be among the systemic therapies to which the double-refractory melanoma is refractory. For example, antibodies that target PD-L1 and are in clinical trials or are approved and are commercially available include avelumab (EMD Serono, Pfizer, Bavencio®), durvalumab (MEDI4736, AstraZeneca, Imfinzi®), BMS-936559 (Bristol-Myers Squibb) and atezolizumab (MPDL3280A, Genentech, Tecentriq®). Other suitable antibodies that target PD-L1 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,743, herein incorporated by reference. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill that any antibody which binds to PD-1 or PD-L1, disrupts the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, and stimulates an anti-tumor immune response may serve as therapies to which the melanoma treated in accordance with methods of the present invention are refractory.

Similarly, the melanoma treated in accordance with the methods described herein may be refractory to BRAF inhibitors, including without limitation inhibitors that affect the BRAF protein directly or inhibitors that affect MEK. BRAF inhibitors include without limitation Vemurafenib (Zelboraf®) and dabrafenib (Tafinlar®), as well as GDC-0879, PLX-4720, or sorafenib (Nexavar®). MEK inhibitors include without limitation trametinib (Mekinist®) and cobimetinib (Cotellic®).

In certain embodiments and in accordance with any of the embodiments described herein, patients treated in accordance with the described invention may possess genetic makeups (or have tumors that possess genetic makeups) that indicate susceptibility or resistance to certain types of treatments. For example, patients may show low PDL1 expression, or they may (or may not) possess mutations in the BRAF gene. In specific embodiments, the treatments for double-refractory melanoma described herein are insensitive/agnostic to the BRAF status (e.g., the presence or absence of mutations in the BRAF gene). In some embodiments, patients may exhibit melanoma resistant to PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors. Mechanisms of resistance to PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors are known in the art, including resistance based on mutations within genes encoding Janus kinase 1 and Janus kinase 2 proteins mutations and resistance based on mutations within genes encoding beta-2-microglobulin, as well as other mutations, which are described, e.g., in Zaretsky, et al., Mutations associated with acquired resistance to PD-1 blockade in melanoma, N. Engl. J. Med. 2016, 375, 819-29, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

In accordance with any of the embodiments discussed above, the TILs therapy provided to patients with double-refractory melanoma may include treatment with therapeutic populations of TILs alone or may include a combination treatment including TILs and one or more other therapies. For example, in some embodiments, the TILs produced as described herein can be administered in combination with one or more immune checkpoint regulators, such as the antibodies described below. For example, antibodies that target PD-1 and which can be co-administered with the TILs of the present invention include, e.g., but are not limited to nivolumab (BMS-936558, Bristol-Myers Squibb; Opdivo®), pembrolizumab (lambrolizumab, MK03475 or MK-3475, Merck; Keytruda®), humanized anti-PD-1 antibody JS001 (ShangHai JunShi), monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody TSR-042 (Tesaro, Inc.), Pidilizumab (anti-PD-1 mAb CT-011, Medivation), anti-PD-1 monoclonal Antibody BGB-A317 (BeiGene), and/or anti-PD-1 antibody SHR-1210 (ShangHai HengRui), human monoclonal antibody REGN2810 (Regeneron), human monoclonal antibody MDX-1106 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), and/or humanized anti-PD-1 IgG4 antibody PDR001 (Novartis). In some embodiments, the PD-1 antibody is from clone: RMP1-14 (rat IgG)—BioXcell cat #BP0146. Other suitable antibodies suitable for use in co-administration methods with TILs produced according to Steps A through F as described herein are anti-PD-1 antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,449, herein incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds specifically to PD-L1 and inhibits its interaction with PD-1, thereby increasing immune activity. Any antibodies known in the art which bind to PD-L1 and disrupt the interaction between the PD-1 and PD-L1, and stimulates an anti-tumor immune response, are suitable for use in co-administration methods with TILs produced according to Steps A through F as described herein. For example, antibodies that target PD-L1 and are in clinical trials or are approved and are commercially available include avelumab (EMD Serono, Pfizer, Bavencio®), durvalumab (MEDI4736, AstraZeneca, Imfinzi®), BMS-936559 (Bristol-Myers Squibb) and atezolizumab (MPDL3280A, Genentech, Tecentriq®). Other suitable antibodies that target PD-L1 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,743, herein incorporated by reference. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill that any antibody which binds to PD-1 or PD-L1, disrupts the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, and stimulates an anti-tumor immune response, are suitable for use in co-administration methods with TILs. In some embodiments, the patient administered the combination of TILs is co administered with an anti-PD-1 antibody when the patient has progressed or had no response to treatment by anti-PD-1 antibody alone. Similarly, TILs therapy may be co-administered with other therapies, such as CTLA-4 inhibitors, BRAF inhibitors, and any other therapies known in the art to be useful for treatment of melanoma.

As will be appreciated and in accordance with any of the treatment methods described above, any of the additional treatment modalities described herein, including BRAF inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, and CTLA-4 inhibitors, include any embodiments of such inhibitors as well as any pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In an embodiment, a patient treated with TIL therapies disclosed herein exhibits an improved response to the response expected from a historical control, wherein the improved response is determined as overall response rate. In an embodiment, a patient treated with TIL therapies disclosed herein exhibits an improved response to the response expected from a historical control, wherein the improved response is determined as overall response rate, wherein the improvement in overall response rate is at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, or at least 50%. In an embodiment, a patient treated with TIL therapies disclosed herein exhibits an improved response to the response expected from a historical control, wherein the improved response is determined as duration of response. In an embodiment, a patient treated with TIL therapies disclosed herein exhibits an improved response to the response expected from a historical control, wherein the improved response is determined as duration of response, wherein the improvement in duration of response is at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, or at least 50%.

Non-Myeloablative Lymphodepletion with Chemotherapy

Experimental findings indicate that lymphodepletion prior to adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T lymphocytes plays a key role in enhancing treatment efficacy by eliminating regulatory T cells and competing elements of the immune system (“cytokine sinks”). Accordingly, some embodiments of the invention utilize a lymphodepletion step (sometimes also referred to as “immunosuppressive conditioning”) on the patient prior to the introduction of the TILs of the invention.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating double-refractory melanoma with a population of TILs, wherein a patient is pre-treated with non-myeloablative chemotherapy prior to an infusion of TILs. In an embodiment, the non-myeloablative chemotherapy includes one or more chemotherapeutic agents. In an embodiment, the non-myeloablative chemotherapy is cyclophosphamide 60 mg/kg/d for 2 days (days 27 and 26 prior to TIL infusion) and fludarabine 25 mg/m2/d for 5 days (days 27 to 23 prior to TIL infusion). In an embodiment, after non-myeloablative chemotherapy and TIL infusion (at day 0) according to the present disclosure, the patient receives an intravenous infusion of IL-2 intravenously at 720,000 IU/kg every 8 hours to physiologic tolerance. In further embodiments, the IL-2 is administered between 3 and 24 hours following TIL infusion. In yet further embodiments, the IL-2 is administered following 3-30, 5-25, 7-20, 9-15 hours following TIL infusion. In still further embodiments, the IL-2 is administered at 500,000; 550,000; 600,000; 650,000; 700,000; 750,000; 800,000 IU/kg every 8-12 hours to physiologic tolerance over 5 days following TIL infusion.

In general, lymphodepletion is achieved using administration of fludarabine or cyclophosphamide (the active form being referred to as mafosfamide) and combinations thereof. Such methods are described in Gassner, et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2011, 60, 75-85, Muranski, et al., Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol., 2006, 3, 668-681, Dudley, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 5233-5239, and Dudley, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23, 2346-2357, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

In some embodiments, the fludarabine is administered at a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL-10 μg/mL fludarabine. In some embodiments, the fludarabine is administered at a concentration of 1 μg/mL fludarabine. In some embodiments, the fludarabine treatment is administered for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, or 7 days or more. In some embodiments, the fludarabine is administered at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/day, 15 mg/kg/day, 20 mg/kg/day, 25 mg/kg/day, 30 mg/kg/day, 35 mg/kg/day, 40 mg/kg/day, or 45 mg/kg/day. In some embodiments, the fludarabine treatment is administered for 2-7 days at 35 mg/kg/day. In some embodiments, the fludarabine treatment is administered for 4-5 days at 35 mg/kg/day. In some embodiments, the fludarabine treatment is administered for 4-5 days at 25 mg/kg/day.

In some embodiments, the mafosfamide, the active form of cyclophosphamide, is obtained at a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL-10 μg/mL by administration of cyclophosphamide. In some embodiments, mafosfamide, the active form of cyclophosphamide, is obtained at a concentration of 1 μg/mL by administration of cyclophosphamide. In some embodiments, the cyclophosphamide treatment is administered for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, or 7 days or more. In some embodiments, the cyclophosphamide is administered at a dosage of 100 mg/m²/day, 150 mg/m²/day, 175 mg/m²/day, 200 mg/m²/day, 225 mg/m²/day, 250 mg/m²/day, 275 mg/m²/day, or 300 mg/m²/day. In some embodiments, the cyclophosphamide is administered intravenously (i.e., i.v.) In some embodiments, the cyclophosphamide treatment is administered for 2-7 days at 35 mg/kg/day. In some embodiments, the cyclophosphamide treatment is administered for 4-5 days at 250 mg/m²/day i.v. In some embodiments, the cyclophosphamide treatment is administered for 4 days at 250 mg/m²/day i.v.

In some embodiments, lymphodepletion is performed by administering the fludarabine and the cyclophosphamide are together to a patient. In some embodiments, fludarabine is administered at 25 mg/m²/day i.v. and cyclophosphamide is administered at 250 mg/m²/day i.v. over 4 days.

In an embodiment, the lymphodepletion is performed by administration of cyclophosphamide at a dose of 60 mg/m²/day for two days followed by administration of fludarabine at a dose of 25 mg/m²/day for five days.

Methods of Expanding Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes

An exemplary TIL process known as process 2A containing some of these features is depicted in FIG. 19, and some of the advantages of this embodiment of the present invention over process 1C are described in Figures F and G. An embodiment of process 2A is shown FIG. 18.

As discussed herein, the present invention can include a step relating to the restimulation of cryopreserved TILs to increase their metabolic activity and thus relative health prior to transplant into a patient, and methods of testing said metabolic health. As generally outlined herein, TILs are generally taken from a patient sample and manipulated to expand their number prior to transplant into a patient. In some embodiments, the TILs may be optionally genetically manipulated as discussed below.

In some embodiments, the TILs may be cryopreserved. Once thawed, they may also be restimulated to increase their metabolism prior to infusion into a patient.

In some embodiments, the first expansion (including processes referred to as the preREP as well as processes shown in FIG. 18 as Step A) is shortened to 3 to 14 days and the second expansion (including processes referred to as the REP as well as processes shown in FIG. 18 as Step B) is shorted to 7 to 14 days, as discussed in detail below as well as in the examples and figures. In some embodiments, the first expansion (for example, an expansion described as Step B in FIG. 18) is shortened to 11 days and the second expansion (for example, an expansion as described in Step D in FIG. 18) is shortened to 11 days. In some embodiments, the combination of the first expansion and second expansion (for example, expansions described as Step B and Step D in FIG. 18) is shortened to 22 days, as discussed in detail below and in the examples and figures.

The “Step” Designations A, B, C, etc., below are in reference to FIG. 18 and in reference to certain embodiments described herein. The ordering of the Steps below and in FIG. 18 is exemplary and any combination or order of steps, as well as additional steps, repetition of steps, and/or omission of steps is contemplated by the present application and the methods disclosed herein.

Step A: Obtain Patient Tumor Sample

In general, TILs are initially obtained from a patient tumor sample (“primary TILs”) and then expanded into a larger population for further manipulation as described herein, optionally cryopreserved, restimulated as outlined herein and optionally evaluated for phenotype and metabolic parameters as an indication of TIL health.

A patient tumor sample may be obtained using methods known in the art, generally via surgical resection, needle biopsy or other means for obtaining a sample that contains a mixture of tumor and TIL cells. In general, the tumor sample may be from any solid tumor, including primary tumors, invasive tumors or metastatic tumors. The tumor sample may also be a liquid tumor, such as a tumor obtained from a hematological malignancy. The solid tumor may be of any cancer type, including, but not limited to, breast, pancreatic, prostate, colorectal, lung, brain, renal, stomach, and skin (including but not limited to squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma). In some embodiments, useful TILs are obtained from malignant melanoma tumors, as these have been reported to have particularly high levels of TILs.

The term “solid tumor” refers to an abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. Solid tumors may be benign or malignant. The term “solid tumor cancer” refers to malignant, neoplastic, or cancerous solid tumors. Solid tumor cancers include, but are not limited to, sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas, such as cancers of the lung, breast, triple negative breast cancer, prostate, colon, rectum, and bladder. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from cervical cancer, head and neck cancer (including, for example, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)) glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, sarcoma, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer, and non-small cell lung carcinoma. The tissue structure of solid tumors includes interdependent tissue compartments including the parenchyma (cancer cells) and the supporting stromal cells in which the cancer cells are dispersed and which may provide a supporting microenvironment.

The term “hematological malignancy” refers to mammalian cancers and tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, including but not limited to tissues of the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and lymphatic system. Hematological malignancies are also referred to as “liquid tumors.” Hematological malignancies include, but are not limited to, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL), Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The term “B cell hematological malignancy” refers to hematological malignancies that affect B cells.

Once obtained, the tumor sample is generally fragmented using sharp dissection into small pieces of between 1 to about 8 mm³, with from about 2-3 mm³ being particularly useful. The TILs are cultured from these fragments using enzymatic tumor digests. Such tumor digests may be produced by incubation in enzymatic media (e.g., Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 buffer, 2 mM glutamate, 10 mcg/mL gentamicine, 30 units/mL of DNase and 1.0 mg/mL of collagenase) followed by mechanical dissociation (e.g., using a tissue dissociator). Tumor digests may be produced by placing the tumor in enzymatic media and mechanically dissociating the tumor for approximately 1 minute, followed by incubation for 30 minutes at 37° C. in 5% CO₂, followed by repeated cycles of mechanical dissociation and incubation under the foregoing conditions until only small tissue pieces are present. At the end of this process, if the cell suspension contains a large number of red blood cells or dead cells, a density gradient separation using FICOLL branched hydrophilic polysaccharide may be performed to remove these cells. Alternative methods known in the art may be used, such as those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0244133 A1, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Any of the foregoing methods may be used in any of the embodiments described herein for methods of expanding TILs or methods treating a cancer.

In general, the harvested cell suspension is called a “primary cell population” or a “freshly harvested” cell population.

In some embodiments, fragmentation includes physical fragmentation, including for example, dissection as well as digestion. In some embodiments, the fragmentation is physical fragmentation. In some embodiments, the fragmentation is dissection. In some embodiments, the fragmentation is by digestion. In some embodiments, TILs can be initially cultured from enzymatic tumor digests and tumor fragments obtained from patients. In an embodiment, TILs can be initially cultured from enzymatic tumor digests and tumor fragments obtained from patients.

In some embodiments, where the tumor is a solid tumor, the tumor undergoes physical fragmentation after the tumor sample is obtained in, for example, Step A (as provided in FIG. 18). In some embodiments, the fragmentation occurs before cryopreservation. In some embodiments, the fragmentation occurs after cryopreservation. In some embodiments, the fragmentation occurs after obtaining the tumor and in the absence of any cryopreservation. In some embodiments, the tumor is fragmented and 10, 20, 30, 40 or more fragments or pieces are placed in each container for the first expansion. In some embodiments, the tumor is fragmented and 30 or 40 fragments or pieces are placed in each container for the first expansion. In some embodiments, the tumor is fragmented and 40 fragments or pieces are placed in each container for the first expansion. In some embodiments, the multiple fragments comprise about 4 to about 50 fragments, wherein each fragment has a volume of about 27 mm³. In some embodiments, the multiple fragments comprise about 30 to about 60 fragments with a total volume of about 1300 mm³ to about 1500 mm³. In some embodiments, the multiple fragments comprise about 50 fragments with a total volume of about 1350 mm³. In some embodiments, the multiple fragments comprise about 50 fragments with a total mass of about 1 gram to about 1.5 grams. In some embodiments, the multiple fragments comprise about 4 fragments.

In some embodiments, the TILs are obtained from tumor fragments. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is obtained by sharp dissection. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is between about 1 mm³ and 10 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is between about 1 mm³ and 8 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is about 1 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is about 2 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is about 3 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is about 4 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is about 5 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is about 6 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is about 7 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is about 8 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is about 9 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is about 10 mm³. In some embodiments, the tumors are 1-4 mm×1-4 mm×1-4 mm. In some embodiments, the tumors are 1 mm×1 mm×1 mm. In some embodiments, the tumors are 2 mm×2 mm×2 mm. In some embodiments, the tumors are 3 mm×3 mm×3 mm. In some embodiments, the tumors are 4 mm×4 mm×4 mm.

In some embodiments, the tumors are resected in order to minimize the amount of hemorrhagic, necrotic, and/or fatty tissues on each piece. In some embodiments, the tumors are resected in order to minimize the amount of hemorrhagic tissue on each piece. In some embodiments, the tumors are resected in order to minimize the amount of necrotic tissue on each piece. In some embodiments, the tumors are resected in order to minimize the amount of fatty tissue on each piece.

In some embodiments, the tumor fragmentation is performed in order to maintain the tumor internal structure. In some embodiments, the tumor fragmentation is performed without preforming a sawing motion with a scalpel. In some embodiments, the TILs are obtained from tumor digests. In some embodiments, tumor digests were generated by incubation in enzyme media, for example but not limited to RPMI 1640, 2 mM GlutaMAX, 10 mg/mL gentamicin, 30 U/mL DNase, and 1.0 mg/mL collagenase, followed by mechanical dissociation (GentleMACS, Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, Calif.). After placing the tumor in enzyme media, the tumor can be mechanically dissociated for approximately 1 minute. The solution can then be incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ and it then mechanically disrupted again for approximately 1 minute. After being incubated again for 30 minutes at 37° C. in 5% CO₂, the tumor can be mechanically disrupted a third time for approximately 1 minute. In some embodiments, after the third mechanical disruption if large pieces of tissue were present, 1 or 2 additional mechanical dissociations were applied to the sample, with or without 30 additional minutes of incubation at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. In some embodiments, at the end of the final incubation if the cell suspension contained a large number of red blood cells or dead cells, a density gradient separation using Ficoll can be performed to remove these cells.

In some embodiments, the harvested cell suspension prior to the first expansion step is called a “primary cell population” or a “freshly harvested” cell population.

In some embodiments, cells can be optionally frozen after sample harvest and stored frozen prior to entry into the expansion described in Step B, which is described in further detail below, as well as exemplified in FIG. 18.

Step B: First Expansion

In some embodiments, the present methods provide for obtaining young TILs, which are capable of increased replication cycles upon administration to a subject/patient and as such may provide additional therapeutic benefits over older TILs (i.e., TILs which have further undergone more rounds of replication prior to administration to a subject/patient). Features of young TILs have been described in the literature, for example Donia, at al., Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 75:157-167 (2012); Dudley et al., Clin Cancer Res, 16:6122-6131 (2010); Huang et al., J Immunother, 28(3):258-267 (2005); Besser et al., Clin Cancer Res, 19(17):OF1-OF9 (2013); Besser et al., J Immunother 32:415-423 (2009); Robbins, et al., J Immunol 2004; 173:7125-7130; Shen et al., J Immunother, 30:123-129 (2007); Zhou, et al., J Immunother, 28:53-62 (2005); and Tran, et al., J Immunother, 31:742-751 (2008), all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

The diverse antigen receptors of T and B lymphocytes are produced by somatic recombination of a limited, but large number of gene segments. These gene segments: V (variable), D (diversity), J (joining), and C (constant), determine the binding specificity and downstream applications of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors (TCRs). The present invention provides a method for generating TILs which exhibit and increase the T-cell repertoire diversity. In some embodiments, the TILs obtained by the present method exhibit an increase in the T-cell repertoire diversity. In some embodiments, the TILs obtained by the present method exhibit an increase in the T-cell repertoire diversity as compared to freshly harvested TILs and/or TILs prepared using other methods than those provide herein including for example, methods other than those embodied in FIG. 18. In some embodiments, the TILs obtained by the present method exhibit an increase in the T-cell repertoire diversity as compared to freshly harvested TILs and/or TILs prepared using methods referred to as process 1C, as exemplified in FIG. 22 and/or FIG. 23. In some embodiments, the TILs obtained in the first expansion exhibit an increase in the T-cell repertoire diversity. In some embodiments, the increase in diversity is an increase in the immunoglobulin diversity and/or the T-cell receptor diversity. In some embodiments, the diversity is in the immunoglobulin is in the immunoglobulin heavy chain. In some embodiments, the diversity is in the immunoglobulin is in the immunoglobulin light chain. In some embodiments, the diversity is in the T-cell receptor. In some embodiments, the diversity is in one of the T-cell receptors selected from the group consisting of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta receptors. In some embodiments, there is an increase in the expression of T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha and/or beta. In some embodiments, there is an increase in the expression of T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha. In some embodiments, there is an increase in the expression of T-cell receptor (TCR) beta. In some embodiments, there is an increase in the expression of TCRab (i.e., TCRα/β).

After dissection or digestion of tumor fragments, for example such as described in Step A of FIG. 18, the resulting cells are cultured in serum containing IL-2 under conditions that favor the growth of TILs over tumor and other cells. In some embodiments, the tumor digests are incubated in 2 mL wells in media comprising inactivated human AB serum with 6000 IU/mL of IL-2. This primary cell population is cultured for a period of days, generally from 3 to 14 days, resulting in a bulk TIL population, generally about 1×10⁸ bulk TIL cells. In some embodiments, this primary cell population is cultured for a period of 7 to 14 days, resulting in a bulk TIL population, generally about 1×10⁸ bulk TIL cells. In some embodiments, this primary cell population is cultured for a period of 10 to 14 days, resulting in a bulk TIL population, generally about 1×10⁸ bulk TIL cells. In some embodiments, this primary cell population is cultured for a period of about 11 days, resulting in a bulk TIL population, generally about 1×10⁸ bulk TIL cells.

In a preferred embodiment, expansion of TILs may be performed using an initial bulk TIL expansion step (for example such as those described in Step B of FIG. 18, which can include processes referred to as pre-REP) as described below and herein, followed by a second expansion (Step D, including processes referred to as rapid expansion protocol (REP) steps) as described below under Step D and herein, followed by optional cryopreservation, and followed by a second Step D (including processes referred to as restimulation REP steps) as described below and herein. The TILs obtained from this process may be optionally characterized for phenotypic characteristics and metabolic parameters as described herein.

In embodiments where TIL cultures are initiated in 24-well plates, for example, using Costar 24-well cell culture cluster, flat bottom (Corning Incorporated, Corning, N.Y., each well can be seeded with 1×10⁶ tumor digest cells or one tumor fragment in 2 mL of complete medium (CM) with IL-2 (6000 IU/mL; Chiron Corp., Emeryville, Calif.). In some embodiments, the tumor fragment is between about 1 mm³ and 10 mm³.

In some embodiments, the first expansion culture medium is referred to as “CM”, an abbreviation for culture media. In some embodiments, CM for Step B consists of RPMI 1640 with GlutaMAX, supplemented with 10% human AB serum, 25 mM Hepes, and 10 mg/mL gentamicin. In embodiments where cultures are initiated in gas-permeable flasks with a 40 mL capacity and a 10 cm² gas-permeable silicon bottom (for example, G-Rex10; Wilson Wolf Manufacturing, New Brighton, Minn.) (FIG. 1), each flask was loaded with 10-40×10⁶ viable tumor digest cells or 5-30 tumor fragments in 10-40 mL of CM with IL-2. Both the G-Rex10 and 24-well plates were incubated in a humidified incubator at 37° C. in 5% CO2 and 5 days after culture initiation, half the media was removed and replaced with fresh CM and IL-2 and after day 5, half the media was changed every 2-3 days.

After preparation of the tumor fragments, the resulting cells (i.e., fragments) are cultured in serum containing IL-2 under conditions that favor the growth of TILs over tumor and other cells. In some embodiments, the tumor digests are incubated in 2 mL wells in media comprising inactivated human AB serum (or, in some cases, as outlined herein, in the presence of aAPC cell population) with 6000 IU/mL of IL-2. This primary cell population is cultured for a period of days, generally from 10 to 14 days, resulting in a bulk TIL population, generally about 1×10⁸ bulk TIL cells. In some embodiments, the growth media during the first expansion comprises IL-2 or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, the IL is recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2). In some embodiments the IL-2 stock solution has a specific activity of 20-30×10⁶ IU/mg for a 1 mg vial. In some embodiments the IL-2 stock solution has a specific activity of 20×10⁶ IU/mg for a 1 mg vial. In some embodiments the IL-2 stock solution has a specific activity of 25×10⁶ IU/mg for a 1 mg vial. In some embodiments the IL-2 stock solution has a specific activity of 30×10⁶ IU/mg for a 1 mg vial. In some embodiments, the IL-2 stock solution has a final concentration of 4-8×10⁶ IU/mg of IL-2. In some embodiments, the IL-2 stock solution has a final concentration of 5-7×10⁶ IU/mg of IL-2. In some embodiments, the IL-2 stock solution has a final concentration of 6×10⁶ IU/mg of IL-2. In some embodiments, the IL-2 stock solution is prepare as described in Example 9. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 10,000 IU/mL of IL-2, about 9,000 IU/mL of IL-2, about 8,000 IU/mL of IL-2, about 7,000 IU/mL of IL-2, about 6000 IU/mL of IL-2 or about 5,000 IU/mL of IL-2. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 9,000 IU/mL of IL-2 to about 5,000 IU/mL of IL-2. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 8,000 IU/mL of IL-2 to about 6,000 IU/mL of IL-2. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 7,000 IU/mL of IL-2 to about 6,000 IU/mL of IL-2. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 6,000 IU/mL of IL-2. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium further comprises IL-2. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises about 3000 IU/mL of IL-2. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium further comprises IL-2. In a preferred embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises about 3000 IU/mL of IL-2. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises about 1000 IU/mL, about 1500 IU/mL, about 2000 IU/mL, about 2500 IU/mL, about 3000 IU/mL, about 3500 IU/mL, about 4000 IU/mL, about 4500 IU/mL, about 5000 IU/mL, about 5500 IU/mL, about 6000 IU/mL, about 6500 IU/mL, about 7000 IU/mL, about 7500 IU/mL, or about 8000 IU/mL of IL-2. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises between 1000 and 2000 IU/mL, between 2000 and 3000 IU/mL, between 3000 and 4000 IU/mL, between 4000 and 5000 IU/mL, between 5000 and 6000 IU/mL, between 6000 and 7000 IU/mL, between 7000 and 8000 IU/mL, or about 8000 IU/mL of IL-2.

In some embodiments, first expansion culture media comprises about 500 IU/mL of IL-15, about 400 IU/mL of IL-15, about 300 IU/mL of IL-15, about 200 IU/mL of IL-15, about 180 IU/mL of IL-15, about 160 IU/mL of IL-15, about 140 IU/mL of IL-15, about 120 IU/mL of IL-15, or about 100 IU/mL of IL-15. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 500 IU/mL of IL-15 to about 100 IU/mL of IL-15. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 400 IU/mL of IL-15 to about 100 IU/mL of IL-15. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 300 IU/mL of IL-15 to about 100 IU/mL of IL-15. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 200 IU/mL of IL-15. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises about 180 IU/mL of IL-15. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium further comprises IL-15. In a preferred embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises about 180 IU/mL of IL-15.

In some embodiments, first expansion culture media comprises about 20 IU/mL of IL-21, about 15 IU/mL of IL-21, about 12 IU/mL of IL-21, about 10 IU/mL of IL-21, about 5 IU/mL of IL-21, about 4 IU/mL of IL-21, about 3 IU/mL of IL-21, about 2 IU/mL of IL-21, about 1 IU/mL of IL-21, or about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 20 IU/mL of IL-21 to about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 15 IU/mL of IL-21 to about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 12 IU/mL of IL-21 to about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 10 IU/mL of IL-21 to about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 5 IU/mL of IL-21 to about 1 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the first expansion culture media comprises about 2 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises about 1 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium further comprises IL-21. In a preferred embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises about 1 IU/mL of IL-21.

In an embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises OKT-3 antibody. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises about 30 ng/mL of OKT-3 antibody. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises about 15 ng/mL of OKT-3 antibody. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises about 0.1 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL, about 7.5 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL, about 60 ng/mL, about 70 ng/mL, about 80 ng/mL, about 90 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL, and about 1 μg/mL of OKT-3 antibody. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises between 0.1 ng/mL and 1 ng/mL, between 1 ng/mL and 5 ng/mL, between 5 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL, between 10 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL, between 20 ng/mL and 30 ng/mL, between 30 ng/mL and 40 ng/mL, between 40 ng/mL and 50 ng/mL, and between 50 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL of OKT-3 antibody. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium does not comprise OKT-3 antibody. In some embodiments, the OKT-3 antibody is muromonab.

TABLE 3 Amino acid sequences of muromonab (exemplary OKT-3 antibody) Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 1 QVQLQQSGAE LARPGASVKM SCHASGYTFT RYTMHWVKQR PGQGLEWIGY INPSRGYTNY  60 Muromonab NQHFKDKATL TTDKSSSTAY MQLSSLTSED SAVYYCARYY DDHYCLDYWG QGTTLTVSSA 120 heavy KTTAPSVYPL APVCGGTTGS SVTLGCLVKG YFPEPVTLTW NSGSLSSGVH TFPAVLQSDL 180 chain YTLSSSVTVT SSTWPSQSIT CNVAHPASST KVDKKIEPRP KSCDKTHTCP PCPAPELLGG 240 PSVFLFPPKP KDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVS HEDPEVKFNW YVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQYN 300 STYRVVSVLT VLHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKA LPAPIEKTIS KAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSRDE 360 LTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRW 420 QQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPGK 450 SEQ ID NO: 2 QIVLTQSPAI MSASPGEKVT MTCSASSSVS YMNWYQQKSG TSPKRWIYDT SKLASGVPAH  60 Muromonab FRGSGSGTSY SLTISGMEAE DAATYYCQQW SSNPFTFGSG TKLEINRADT APTVSIFPPS 120 light SEQLTSGGAS VVCFLNNFYP KDINVKWKID GSERQNGVLN SWTDQDSKDS TYSMSSTLTL 180 chain TKDEYERHNS YTCEATHKTS TSPIVKSFNR NEC 213

In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises one or more TNFRSF agonists in a cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the TNFRSF agonist comprises a 4-1BB agonist. In some embodiments, the TNFRSF agonist is a 4-1BB agonist, and the 4-1BB agonist is selected from the group consisting of urelumab, utomilumab, EU-101, a fusion protein, and fragments, derivatives, variants, biosimilars, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the TNFRSF agonist is added at a concentration sufficient to achieve a concentration in the cell culture medium of between 0.1 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL. In some embodiments, the TNFRSF agonist is added at a concentration sufficient to achieve a concentration in the cell culture medium of between 20 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL.

In some embodiments, in addition to one or more TNFRSF agonists, the cell culture medium further comprises IL-2 at an initial concentration of about 3000 IU/mL and OKT-3 antibody at an initial concentration of about 30 ng/mL, and wherein the one or more TNFRSF agonists comprises a 4-1BB agonist.

In some embodiments, the first expansion culture medium is referred to as “CM”, an abbreviation for culture media. In some embodiments, it is referred to as CM1 (culture medium 1). In some embodiments, CM consists of RPMI 1640 with GlutaMAX, supplemented with 10% human AB serum, 25 mM Hepes, and 10 mg/mL gentamicin. In embodiments where cultures are initiated in gas-permeable flasks with a 40 mL capacity and a 10 cm² gas-permeable silicon bottom (for example, G-Rex10; Wilson Wolf Manufacturing, New Brighton, Minn.) (FIG. 1), each flask was loaded with 10-40×10⁶ viable tumor digest cells or 5-30 tumor fragments in 10-40 mL of CM with IL-2. Both the G-Rex10 and 24-well plates were incubated in a humidified incubator at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ and 5 days after culture initiation, half the media was removed and replaced with fresh CM and IL-2 and after day 5, half the media was changed every 2-3 days. In some embodiments, the CM is the CM1 described in the Examples. In some embodiments, the first expansion occurs in an initial cell culture medium or a first cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the initial cell culture medium or the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2.

In some embodiments, the first expansion (including processes such as for example those described in Step B of FIG. 18, which can include those sometimes referred to as the pre-REP) process is shortened to 3-14 days, as discussed in the examples and figures. In some embodiments, the first expansion (including processes such as for example those described in Step B of FIG. 18, which can include those sometimes referred to as the pre-REP) is shortened to 7 to 14 days, as discussed in the Examples and shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, as well as including for example, an expansion as described in Step B of FIG. 18. In some embodiments, the first expansion of Step B is shortened to 10-14 days. In some embodiments, the first expansion is shortened to 11 days, as discussed in, for example, an expansion as described in Step B of FIG. 18.

In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, or 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 1 day to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 2 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 3 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 4 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 5 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 6 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 7 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 8 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 9 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 10 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 11 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 12 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 13 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 14 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 1 day to 11 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 2 days to 11 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 3 days to 11 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 4 days to 11 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 5 days to 11 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 6 days to 11 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 7 days to 11 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 8 days to 11 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 9 days to 11 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 10 days to 11 days. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 11 days.

In some embodiments, a combination of IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and/or IL-21 are employed as a combination during the first expansion. In some embodiments, IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and/or IL-21 as well as any combinations thereof can be included during the first expansion, including for example during a Step B processes according to FIG. 18, as well as described herein. In some embodiments, a combination of IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21 are employed as a combination during the first expansion. In some embodiments, IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21 as well as any combinations thereof can be included during Step B processes according to FIG. 18 and as described herein.

In some embodiments, the first expansion (including processes referred to as the pre-REP; for example, Step B according to FIG. 18) process is shortened to 3 to 14 days, as discussed in the examples and figures. In some embodiments, the first expansion of Step B is shortened to 7 to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first expansion of Step B is shortened to 10 to 14 days. In some embodiments, the first expansion is shortened to 11 days.

In some embodiments, the first expansion, for example, Step B according to FIG. 18, is performed in a closed system bioreactor. In some embodiments, a closed system is employed for the TIL expansion, as described herein. In some embodiments, a single bioreactor is employed. In some embodiments, the single bioreactor employed is for example a G-REX-10 or a G-REX-100. In some embodiments, the closed system bioreactor is a single bioreactor.

Step C: First Expansion to Second Expansion Transition

In some cases, the bulk TIL population obtained from the first expansion, including for example the TIL population obtained from for example, Step B as indicated in FIG. 18, can be cryopreserved immediately, using the protocols discussed herein below. Alternatively, the TIL population obtained from the first expansion, referred to as the second TIL population, can be subjected to a second expansion (which can include expansions sometimes referred to as REP) and then cryopreserved as discussed below. Similarly, in the case where genetically modified TILs will be used in therapy, the first TIL population (sometimes referred to as the bulk TIL population) or the second TIL population (which can in some embodiments include populations referred to as the REP TIL populations) can be subjected to genetic modifications for suitable treatments prior to expansion or after the first expansion and prior to the second expansion.

In some embodiments, the TILs obtained from the first expansion (for example, from Step B as indicated in FIG. 18) are stored until phenotyped for selection. In some embodiments, the TILs obtained from the first expansion (for example, from Step B as indicated in FIG. 18) are not stored and proceed directly to the second expansion. In some embodiments, the TILs obtained from the first expansion are not cryopreserved after the first expansion and prior to the second expansion. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs at about 3 days, 4, days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, or 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs at about 3 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs at about 4 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs at about 4 days to 10 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs at about 7 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs at about 14 days from when fragmentation occurs.

In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs at 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, or 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 1 day to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the first TIL expansion can proceed for 2 days to 14 days. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 3 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 4 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 5 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 6 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 7 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 8 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 9 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 10 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 11 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 12 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 13 days to 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 14 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 1 day to 11 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 2 days to 11 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 3 days to 11 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 4 days to 11 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 5 days to 11 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 6 days to 11 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 7 days to 11 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 8 days to 11 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 9 days to 11 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 10 days to 11 days from when fragmentation occurs. In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion occurs 11 days from when fragmentation occurs.

In some embodiments, the TILs are not stored after the first expansion and prior to the second expansion, and the TILs proceed directly to the second expansion (for example, in some embodiments, there is no storage during the transition from Step B to Step D as shown in FIG. 18). In some embodiments, the transition occurs in closed system, as described herein. In some embodiments, the TILs from the first expansion, the second population of TILs, proceeds directly into the second expansion with no transition period.

In some embodiments, the transition from the first expansion to the second expansion, for example, Step C according to FIG. 18, is performed in a closed system bioreactor. In some embodiments, a closed system is employed for the TIL expansion, as described herein. In some embodiments, a single bioreactor is employed. In some embodiments, the single bioreactor employed is for example a G-REX-10 or a G-REX-100. In some embodiments, the closed system bioreactor is a single bioreactor.

Cytokines

The expansion methods described herein generally use culture media with high doses of a cytokine, in particular IL-2, as is known in the art.

Alternatively, using combinations of cytokines for the rapid expansion and/or second expansion of TILS is additionally possible, with combinations of two or more of IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21 as is generally outlined in International Publication No. WO 2015/189356 and International Publication No. WO 2015/189357, hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes and in particular for all teachings related to use of cytokines in cell expansion methods. Thus, possible combinations include IL-2 and IL-15, IL-2 and IL-21, IL-15 and IL-21 and IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21, with the latter finding particular use in many embodiments. The use of combinations of cytokines specifically favors the generation of lymphocytes, and in particular T-cells as described therein.

TABLE 4 Amino acid sequences of interleukins. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 3 MAPTSSSTEK TQLQLEHLLL DLQMILNGIN NYKNPKLTRM LTFKFYMPKK ATELKHLQCL 60 recombinant EEELKPLEEV LNLAQSKNFH LRPRDLISNI NVIVLELKGS ETTFMCEYAD ETATIVEFLN 120 human IL-2 RWITFCQSII STLT 134 (rhIL-2) SEQ ID NO: 4 PTSSSTKKTQ LQLEHLLLDL QMILNGINNY KNPKLTRMLT FKFYMPKKAT ELKHLQCLEE 60 Aldesleukin ELKPLEEVLN LAQSKNFHLR PRDLISNINV IVLELKGSET TFMCEYADET ATIVEFLNRW 120 ITFSQSIIST LT 132 SEQ ID NO: 5 MHKCDITLQE IIKTLNSLTE QKTLCTELTV TDIFAASKNT TEKETFCRAA TVLRQFYSHH 60 recombinant EXDTRCLGAT AQQFHRHKQL IRFLKRLDRN LWGLAGLNSC PVKEANQSTL ENFLERLKTI 120 human IL-4 MREKYSKCSS 130 (rhIL-4) SEQ ID NO: 6 MDCDIEGKDG KQYESVLMVS IDQLLDSMKE IGSNCLNNEF NFFKRHICDA NKEGMFLFRA 60 recombinant ARKLRQFLKM NSTGDFDLHL LKVSEGTTIL LNCTGQVKGR KPAALGEAQP TKSLEENKSL 120 human IL-7 KEQKKLNDLC FLKRLLQEIK TCWNKILMGT KEH 153 (rhIL-7) SEQ ID NO: 7 MNWVNVISDL KKIEDLIQSM HIDATLYTES DVHPSCKVTA MKCFLLELQV ISLESGDASI 60 recombinant HDTVENLIIL ANNSLSSNGN VTESGCKECE ELEEKNIKEF LQSFVHIVQM FINTS 115 human IL-15 (rhIL-15) SEQ ID NO: 8 MQDRHMIRMR QLIDIVDQLK NYVNDLVPEF LPAPEDVETN CEWSAFSCFQ KAQLKSANTG 60 recombinant NNERIINVSI KKLKRKPPST NAGRRQKHRL TCPSCDSYEK KPPKEFLERF KSLLQKMIHQ 120 human IL-21 HLSSRTHGSE DS 132 (rhIL-21)

Step D: Second Expansion

In some embodiments, the TIL cell population is expanded in number after harvest and initial bulk processing for example, after Step A and Step B, and the transition referred to as Step C, as indicated in FIG. 18). This further expansion is referred to herein as the second expansion, which can include expansion processes generally referred to in the art as a rapid expansion process (REP; as well as processes as indicated in Step D of FIG. 18). The second expansion is generally accomplished using a culture media comprising a number of components, including feeder cells, a cytokine source, and an anti-CD3 antibody, in a gas-permeable container.

In some embodiments, the second expansion or second TIL expansion (which can include expansions sometimes referred to as REP; as well as processes as indicated in Step D of FIG. 18) of TIL can be performed using any TIL flasks or containers known by those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the second TIL expansion can proceed for 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, or 14 days. In some embodiments, the second TIL expansion can proceed for about 7 days to about 14 days. In some embodiments, the second TIL expansion can proceed for about 8 days to about 14 days. In some embodiments, the second TIL expansion can proceed for about 9 days to about 14 days. In some embodiments, the second TIL expansion can proceed for about 10 days to about 14 days. In some embodiments, the second TIL expansion can proceed for about 11 days to about 14 days. In some embodiments, the second TIL expansion can proceed for about 12 days to about 14 days. In some embodiments, the second TIL expansion can proceed for about 13 days to about 14 days. In some embodiments, the second TIL expansion can proceed for about 14 days.

In an embodiment, the second expansion can be performed in a gas permeable container using the methods of the present disclosure (including for example, expansions referred to as REP; as well as processes as indicated in Step D of FIG. 18). For example, TILs can be rapidly expanded using non-specific T-cell receptor stimulation in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) or interleukin-15 (IL-15). The non-specific T-cell receptor stimulus can include, for example, an anti-CD3 antibody, such as about 30 ng/ml of OKT3, a mouse monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody (commercially available from Ortho-McNeil, Raritan, N.J. or Miltenyi Biotech, Auburn, Calif.) or UHCT-1 (commercially available from BioLegend, San Diego, Calif., USA). TILs can be expanded to induce further stimulation of the TILs in vitro by including one or more antigens during the second expansion, including antigenic portions thereof, such as epitope(s), of the cancer, which can be optionally expressed from a vector, such as a human leukocyte antigen A2 (HLA-A2) binding peptide, e.g., 0.3 μM MART-1:26-35 (27 L) or gpl 00:209-217 (210M), optionally in the presence of a T-cell growth factor, such as 300 IU/mL IL-2 or IL-15. Other suitable antigens may include, e.g., NY-ESO-1, TRP-1, TRP-2, tyrosinase cancer antigen, MAGE-A3, SSX-2, and VEGFR2, or antigenic portions thereof. TIL may also be rapidly expanded by re-stimulation with the same antigen(s) of the cancer pulsed onto HLA-A2-expressing antigen-presenting cells. Alternatively, the TILs can be further restimulated with, e.g., example, irradiated, autologous lymphocytes or with irradiated HLA-A2+ allogeneic lymphocytes and IL-2. In some embodiments, the re-stimulation occurs as part of the second expansion. In some embodiments, the second expansion occurs in the presence of irradiated, autologous lymphocytes or with irradiated HLA-A2+ allogeneic lymphocytes and IL-2.

In an embodiment, the cell culture medium for the second expansion step further comprises IL-2. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises about 3000 IU/mL of IL-2. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises about 1000 IU/mL, about 1500 IU/mL, about 2000 IU/mL, about 2500 IU/mL, about 3000 IU/mL, about 3500 IU/mL, about 4000 IU/mL, about 4500 IU/mL, about 5000 IU/mL, about 5500 IU/mL, about 6000 IU/mL, about 6500 IU/mL, about 7000 IU/mL, about 7500 IU/mL, or about 8000 IU/mL of IL-2. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises between 1000 and 2000 IU/mL, between 2000 and 3000 IU/mL, between 3000 and 4000 IU/mL, between 4000 and 5000 IU/mL, between 5000 and 6000 IU/mL, between 6000 and 7000 IU/mL, between 7000 and 8000 IU/mL, or between 8000 IU/mL of IL-2.

In an embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises OKT-3 antibody. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises about 30 ng/mL of OKT-3 antibody. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises about 0.1 ng/mL, about 0.5 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL, about 7.5 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL, about 60 ng/mL, about 70 ng/mL, about 80 ng/mL, about 90 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL, and about 1 μg/mL of OKT-3 antibody. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises between 0.1 ng/mL and 1 ng/mL, between 1 ng/mL and 5 ng/mL, between 5 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL, between 10 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL, between 20 ng/mL and 30 ng/mL, between 30 ng/mL and 40 ng/mL, between 40 ng/mL and 50 ng/mL, and between 50 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL of OKT-3 antibody. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium does not comprise OKT-3 antibody. In some embodiments, the OKT-3 antibody is muromonab.

In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises one or more TNFRSF agonists in a cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the TNFRSF agonist comprises a 4-1BB agonist. In some embodiments, the TNFRSF agonist is a 4-1BB agonist, and the 4-1BB agonist is selected from the group consisting of urelumab, utomilumab, EU-101, a fusion protein, and fragments, derivatives, variants, biosimilars, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the TNFRSF agonist is added at a concentration sufficient to achieve a concentration in the cell culture medium of between 0.1 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL. In some embodiments, the TNFRSF agonist is added at a concentration sufficient to achieve a concentration in the cell culture medium of between 20 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL.

In some embodiments, in addition to one or more TNFRSF agonists, the cell culture medium further comprises IL-2 at an initial concentration of about 3000 IU/mL and OKT-3 antibody at an initial concentration of about 30 ng/mL, and wherein the one or more TNFRSF agonists comprises a 4-1BB agonist.

In some embodiments, a combination of IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and/or IL-21 are employed as a combination during the second expansion. In some embodiments, IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and/or IL-21 as well as any combinations thereof can be included during the second expansion, including for example during a Step D processes according to FIG. 18, as well as described herein. In some embodiments, a combination of IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21 are employed as a combination during the second expansion. In some embodiments, IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21 as well as any combinations thereof can be included during Step D processes according to FIG. 18 and as described herein.

In some embodiments, the second expansion can be conducted in a supplemented cell culture medium comprising IL-2, OKT-3, antigen-presenting feeder cells, and optionally a TNFRSF agonist. In some embodiments, the second expansion occurs in a supplemented cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the supplemented cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3, and antigen-presenting feeder cells. In some embodiments, the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs; also referred to as antigen-presenting feeder cells). In some embodiments, the second expansion occurs in a cell culture medium comprising IL-2, OKT-3, and antigen-presenting feeder cells (i.e., antigen presenting cells).

In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 500 IU/mL of IL-15, about 400 IU/mL of IL-15, about 300 IU/mL of IL-15, about 200 IU/mL of IL-15, about 180 IU/mL of IL-15, about 160 IU/mL of IL-15, about 140 IU/mL of IL-15, about 120 IU/mL of IL-15, or about 100 IU/mL of IL-15. In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 500 IU/mL of IL-15 to about 100 IU/mL of IL-15. In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 400 IU/mL of IL-15 to about 100 IU/mL of IL-15. In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 300 IU/mL of IL-15 to about 100 IU/mL of IL-15. In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 200 IU/mL of IL-15. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises about 180 IU/mL of IL-15. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium further comprises IL-15. In a preferred embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises about 180 IU/mL of IL-15.

In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 20 IU/mL of IL-21, about 15 IU/mL of IL-21, about 12 IU/mL of IL-21, about 10 IU/mL of IL-21, about 5 IU/mL of IL-21, about 4 IU/mL of IL-21, about 3 IU/mL of IL-21, about 2 IU/mL of IL-21, about 1 IU/mL of IL-21, or about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 20 IU/mL of IL-21 to about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 15 IU/mL of IL-21 to about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 12 IU/mL of IL-21 to about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 10 IU/mL of IL-21 to about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 5 IU/mL of IL-21 to about 1 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the second expansion culture media comprises about 2 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises about 1 IU/mL of IL-21. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium comprises about 0.5 IU/mL of IL-21. In an embodiment, the cell culture medium further comprises IL-21. In a preferred embodiment, the cell culture medium comprises about 1 IU/mL of IL-21.

In some embodiments the antigen-presenting feeder cells (APCs) are PBMCs. In an embodiment, the ratio of TILs to PBMCs and/or antigen-presenting cells in the rapid expansion and/or the second expansion is about 1 to 25, about 1 to 50, about 1 to 100, about 1 to 125, about 1 to 150, about 1 to 175, about 1 to 200, about 1 to 225, about 1 to 250, about 1 to 275, about 1 to 300, about 1 to 325, about 1 to 350, about 1 to 375, about 1 to 400, or about 1 to 500. In an embodiment, the ratio of TILs to PBMCs in the rapid expansion and/or the second expansion is between 1 to 50 and 1 to 300. In an embodiment, the ratio of TILs to PBMCs in the rapid expansion and/or the second expansion is between 1 to 100 and 1 to 200.

In an embodiment, REP and/or the second expansion is performed in flasks with the bulk TILs being mixed with a 100- or 200-fold excess of inactivated feeder cells, 30 mg/mL OKT3 anti-CD3 antibody and 3000 IU/mL IL-2 in 150 ml media. Media replacement is done (generally ⅔ media replacement via respiration with fresh media) until the cells are transferred to an alternative growth chamber. Alternative growth chambers include G-REX flasks and gas permeable containers as more fully discussed below.

In some embodiments, the second expansion (which can include processes referred to as the REP process) is shortened to 7-14 days, as discussed in the examples and figures. In some embodiments, the second expansion is shortened to 11 days.

In an embodiment, REP and/or the second expansion may be performed using T-175 flasks and gas permeable bags as previously described (Tran, et al., J Immunother. 2008, 31, 742-51; Dudley, et al., J Immunother. 2003, 26, 332-42) or gas permeable cultureware (G-Rex flasks). In some embodiments, the second expansion (including expansions referred to as rapid expansions) is performed in T-175 flasks, and about 1×10⁶ TILs suspended in 150 mL of media may be added to each T-175 flask. The TILs may be cultured in a 1 to 1 mixture of CM and AIM-V medium, supplemented with 3000 IU per mL of IL-2 and 30 ng per ml of anti-CD3. The T-175 flasks may be incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. Half the media may be exchanged on day 5 using 50/50 medium with 3000 IU per mL of IL-2. In some embodiments, on day 7 cells from two T-175 flasks may be combined in a 3 L bag and 300 mL of AIM V with 5% human AB serum and 3000 IU per mL of IL-2 was added to the 300 ml of TIL suspension. The number of cells in each bag was counted every day or two and fresh media was added to keep the cell count between 0.5 and 2.0×10⁶ cells/mL.

In an embodiment, the second expansion (which can include expansions referred to as REP, as well as those referred to in Step D of FIG. 18) may be performed in 500 mL capacity gas permeable flasks with 100 cm gas-permeable silicon bottoms (G-Rex 100, commercially available from Wilson Wolf Manufacturing Corporation, New Brighton, Minn., USA), 5×10⁶ or 10×10⁶ TIL may be cultured with PBMCs in 400 mL of 50/50 medium, supplemented with 5% human AB serum, 3000 IU per mL of IL-2 and 30 ng per ml of anti-CD3 (OKT3). The G-Rex 100 flasks may be incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. On day 5, 250 mL of supernatant may be removed and placed into centrifuge bottles and centrifuged at 1500 rpm (491×g) for 10 minutes. The TIL pellets may be re-suspended with 150 mL of fresh medium with 5% human AB serum, 3000 IU per mL of IL-2, and added back to the original G-Rex 100 flasks. When TIL are expanded serially in G-Rex 100 flasks, on day 7 the TIL in each G-Rex 100 may be suspended in the 300 mL of media present in each flask and the cell suspension may be divided into 3 100 mL aliquots that may be used to seed 3 G-Rex 100 flasks. Then 150 mL of AIM-V with 5% human AB serum and 3000 IU per mL of IL-2 may be added to each flask. The G-Rex 100 flasks may be incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ and after 4 days 150 mL of AIM-V with 3000 IU per mL of IL-2 may be added to each G-REX 100 flask. The cells may be harvested on day 14 of culture.

In an embodiment, the second expansion (including expansions referred to as REP) is performed in flasks with the bulk TILs being mixed with a 100- or 200-fold excess of inactivated feeder cells, 30 mg/mL OKT3 anti-CD3 antibody and 3000 IU/mL IL-2 in 150 ml media. In some embodiments, media replacement is done until the cells are transferred to an alternative growth chamber. In some embodiments, ⅔ of the media is replaced by respiration with fresh media. In some embodiments, alternative growth chambers include G-REX flasks and gas permeable containers as more fully discussed below.

In an embodiment, the second expansion (including expansions referred to as REP) is performed and further comprises a step wherein TILs are selected for superior tumor reactivity. Any selection method known in the art may be used. For example, the methods described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0010058 A1, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, may be used for selection of TILs for superior tumor reactivity.

Optionally, a cell viability assay can be performed after the second expansion (including expansions referred to as the REP expansion), using standard assays known in the art. For example, a trypan blue exclusion assay can be done on a sample of the bulk TILs, which selectively labels dead cells and allows a viability assessment. In some embodiments, TIL samples can be counted and viability determined using a Cellometer K2 automated cell counter (Nexcelom Bioscience, Lawrence, Mass.).

In some embodiments, the second expansion (including expansions referred to as REP) of TIL can be performed using T-175 flasks and gas-permeable bags as previously described (Tran K Q, Zhou J, Durflinger K H, et al., 2008, J Immunother., 31:742-751, and Dudley M E, Wunderlich J R, Shelton T E, et al. 2003, J Immunother., 26:332-342) or gas-permeable G-Rex flasks. In some embodiments, the second expansion is performed using flasks. In some embodiments, the second expansion is performed using gas-permeable G-Rex flasks. In some embodiments, the second expansion is performed in T-175 flasks, and about 1×10⁶ TIL are suspended in about 150 mL of media and this is added to each T-175 flask. The TIL are cultured with irradiated (50 Gy) allogeneic PBMC as “feeder” cells at a ratio of 1 to 100 and the cells were cultured in a 1 to 1 mixture of CM and AIM-V medium (50/50 medium), supplemented with 3000 IU/mL of IL-2 and 30 ng/mL of anti-CD3. The T-175 flasks are incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. In some embodiments, half the media is changed on day 5 using 50/50 medium with 3000 IU/mL of IL-2. In some embodiments, on day 7, cells from 2 T-175 flasks are combined in a 3 L bag and 300 mL of AIM-V with 5% human AB serum and 3000 IU/mL of IL-2 is added to the 300 mL of TIL suspension. The number of cells in each bag can be counted every day or two and fresh media can be added to keep the cell count between about 0.5 and about 2.0×10⁶ cells/mL.

In some embodiments, the second expansion (including expansions referred to as REP) are performed in 500 mL capacity flasks with 100 cm² gas-permeable silicon bottoms (G-Rex 100, Wilson Wolf) (FIG. 1), about 5×10⁶ or 10×10⁶ TIL are cultured with irradiated allogeneic PBMC at a ratio of 1 to 100 in 400 mL of 50/50 medium, supplemented with 3000 IU/mL of IL-2 and 30 ng/mL of anti-CD3. The G-Rex 100 flasks are incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. In some embodiments, on day 5, 250 mL of supernatant is removed and placed into centrifuge bottles and centrifuged at 1500 rpm (491 g) for 10 minutes. The TIL pellets can then be resuspended with 150 mL of fresh 50/50 medium with 3000 IU/mL of IL-2 and added back to the original G-Rex 100 flasks. In embodiments where TILs are expanded serially in G-Rex 100 flasks, on day 7 the TIL in each G-Rex 100 are suspended in the 300 mL of media present in each flask and the cell suspension was divided into three 100 mL aliquots that are used to seed 3 G-Rex 100 flasks. Then 150 mL of AIM-V with 5% human AB serum and 3000 IU/mL of IL-2 is added to each flask. The G-Rex 100 flasks are incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ and after 4 days 150 mL of AIM-V with 3000 IU/mL of IL-2 is added to each G-Rex 100 flask. The cells are harvested on day 14 of culture.

The diverse antigen receptors of T and B lymphocytes are produced by somatic recombination of a limited, but large number of gene segments. These gene segments: V (variable), D (diversity), J (joining), and C (constant), determine the binding specificity and downstream applications of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors (TCRs). The present invention provides a method for generating TILs which exhibit and increase the T-cell repertoire diversity. In some embodiments, the TILs obtained by the present method exhibit an increase in the T-cell repertoire diversity. In some embodiments, the TILs obtained in the second expansion exhibit an increase in the T-cell repertoire diversity. In some embodiments, the increase in diversity is an increase in the immunoglobulin diversity and/or the T-cell receptor diversity. In some embodiments, the diversity is in the immunoglobulin is in the immunoglobulin heavy chain. In some embodiments, the diversity is in the immunoglobulin is in the immunoglobulin light chain. In some embodiments, the diversity is in the T-cell receptor. In some embodiments, the diversity is in one of the T-cell receptors selected from the group consisting of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta receptors. In some embodiments, there is an increase in the expression of T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha and/or beta. In some embodiments, there is an increase in the expression of T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha. In some embodiments, there is an increase in the expression of T-cell receptor (TCR) beta. In some embodiments, there is an increase in the expression of TCRab (i.e., TCRα/β).

In some embodiments, the second expansion culture medium (e.g., sometimes referred to as CM2 or the second cell culture medium), comprises IL-2, OKT-3, as well as the antigen-presenting feeder cells (APCs), as discussed in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the second expansion, for example, Step D according to FIG. 18, is performed in a closed system bioreactor. In some embodiments, a closed system is employed for the TIL expansion, as described herein. In some embodiments, a single bioreactor is employed. In some embodiments, the single bioreactor employed is for example a G-REX-10 or a G-REX-100. In some embodiments, the closed system bioreactor is a single bioreactor.

Feeder Cells and Antigen Presenting Cells

In an embodiment, the second expansion procedures described herein (for example including expansion such as those described in Step D from FIG. 18, as well as those referred to as REP) require an excess of feeder cells during REP TIL expansion and/or during the second expansion. In many embodiments, the feeder cells are peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from standard whole blood units from healthy blood donors. The PBMCs are obtained using standard methods such as Ficoll-Paque gradient separation.

In general, the allogenic PBMCs are inactivated, either via irradiation or heat treatment, and used in the REP procedures, as described in the examples, which provides an exemplary protocol for evaluating the replication incompetence of irradiate allogeneic PBMCs.

In some embodiments, PBMCs are considered replication incompetent and accepted for use in the TIL expansion procedures described herein if the total number of viable cells on day 14 is less than the initial viable cell number put into culture on day 0 of the REP and/or day 0 of the second expansion (i.e., the start day of the second expansion).

In some embodiments, PBMCs are considered replication incompetent and accepted for use in the TIL expansion procedures described herein if the total number of viable cells, cultured in the presence of OKT3 and IL-2, on day 7 and day 14 has not increased from the initial viable cell number put into culture on day 0 of the REP and/or day 0 of the second expansion (i.e., the start day of the second expansion). In some embodiments, the PBMCs are cultured in the presence of 30 ng/ml OKT3 antibody and 3000 IU/ml IL-2.

In some embodiments, PBMCs are considered replication incompetent and accepted for use in the TIL expansion procedures described herein if the total number of viable cells, cultured in the presence of OKT3 and IL-2, on day 7 and day 14 has not increased from the initial viable cell number put into culture on day 0 of the REP and/or day 0 of the second expansion (i.e., the start day of the second expansion). In some embodiments, the PBMCs are cultured in the presence of 5-60 ng/ml OKT3 antibody and 1000-6000 IU/ml IL-2. In some embodiments, the PBMCs are cultured in the presence of 10-50 ng/ml OKT3 antibody and 2000-5000 IU/ml IL-2. In some embodiments, the PBMCs are cultured in the presence of 20-40 ng/ml OKT3 antibody and 2000-4000 IU/ml IL-2. In some embodiments, the PBMCs are cultured in the presence of 25-35 ng/ml OKT3 antibody and 2500-3500 IU/ml IL-2.

In some embodiments, the antigen-presenting feeder cells are PBMCs. In some embodiments, the antigen-presenting feeder cells are artificial antigen-presenting feeder cells. In an embodiment, the ratio of TILs to antigen-presenting feeder cells in the second expansion is about 1 to 25, about 1 to 50, about 1 to 100, about 1 to 125, about 1 to 150, about 1 to 175, about 1 to 200, about 1 to 225, about 1 to 250, about 1 to 275, about 1 to 300, about 1 to 325, about 1 to 350, about 1 to 375, about 1 to 400, or about 1 to 500. In an embodiment, the ratio of TILs to antigen-presenting feeder cells in the second expansion is between 1 to 50 and 1 to 300. In an embodiment, the ratio of TILs to antigen-presenting feeder cells in the second expansion is between 1 to 100 and 1 to 200.

In an embodiment, the second expansion procedures described herein require a ratio of about 2.5×10⁹ feeder cells to about 100×10⁶ TILs. In another embodiment, the second expansion procedures described herein require a ratio of about 2.5×10⁹ feeder cells to about 50×10⁶ TILs. In yet another embodiment, the second expansion procedures described herein require about 2.5×10⁹ feeder cells to about 25×10⁶ TILs.

In an embodiment, the second expansion procedures described herein require an excess of feeder cells during the second expansion. In many embodiments, the feeder cells are peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from standard whole blood units from healthy blood donors. The PBMCs are obtained using standard methods such as Ficoll-Paque gradient separation. In an embodiment, artificial antigen-presenting (aAPC) cells are used in place of PBMCs.

In general, the allogenic PBMCs are inactivated, either via irradiation or heat treatment, and used in the TIL expansion procedures described herein, including the exemplary procedures described in the figures and examples.

In an embodiment, artificial antigen presenting cells are used in the second expansion as a replacement for, or in combination with, PBMCs.

Cytokines

The expansion methods described herein generally use culture media with high doses of a cytokine, in particular IL-2, as is known in the art.

Alternatively, using combinations of cytokines for the rapid expansion and or second expansion of TILS is additionally possible, with combinations of two or more of IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21 as is generally outlined in International Publication No. WO 2015/189356 and W International Publication No. WO 2015/189357, hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety. Thus, possible combinations include IL-2 and IL-15, IL-2 and IL-21, IL-15 and IL-21 and IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21, with the latter finding particular use in many embodiments. The use of combinations of cytokines specifically favors the generation of lymphocytes, and in particular T-cells as described therein.

Step E: Harvest TILS

After the second expansion step, cells can be harvested. In some embodiments the TILs are harvested after one, two, three, four or more expansion steps, for example as provided in FIG. 18. In some embodiments the TILs are harvested after two expansion steps, for example as provided in FIG. 18.

TILs can be harvested in any appropriate and sterile manner, including for example by centrifugation. Methods for TIL harvesting are well known in the art and any such know methods can be employed with the present process. In some embodiments, TILS are harvest using an automated system.

Cell harvesters and/or cell processing systems are commercially available from a variety of sources, including, for example, Fresenius Kabi, Tomtec Life Science, Perkin Elmer, and Inotech Biosystems International, Inc. Any cell based harvester can be employed with the present methods. In some embodiments, the cell harvester and/or cell processing systems is a membrane-based cell harvester. In some embodiments, cell harvesting is via a cell processing system, such as the LOVO system (manufactured by Fresenius Kabi). The term “LOVO cell processing system” also refers to any instrument or device manufactured by any vendor that can pump a solution comprising cells through a membrane or filter such as a spinning membrane or spinning filter in a sterile and/or closed system environment, allowing for continuous flow and cell processing to remove supernatant or cell culture media without pelletization. In some embodiments, the cell harvester and/or cell processing system can perform cell separation, washing, fluid-exchange, concentration, and/or other cell processing steps in a closed, sterile system.

In some embodiments, the harvest, for example, Step E according to FIG. 18, is performed from a closed system bioreactor. In some embodiments, a closed system is employed for the TIL expansion, as described herein. In some embodiments, a single bioreactor is employed. In some embodiments, the single bioreactor employed is for example a G-REX-10 or a G-REX-100. In some embodiments, the closed system bioreactor is a single bioreactor.

In some embodiments, Step E according to FIG. 18, is performed according to the processes described in Example 7. In some embodiments, the closed system is accessed via syringes under sterile conditions in order to maintain the sterility and closed nature of the system. In some embodiments, a closed system as described in Example 7 is employed.

In some embodiments, TILs are harvested according to the methods described in the Examples.

Step F: Final Formulation/Transfer to Infusion Bag

After Steps A through E as provided in an exemplary order in FIG. 18 and as outlined in detailed above and herein are complete, cells are transferred to a container for use in administration to a patient. In some embodiments, once a therapeutically sufficient number of TILs are obtained using the expansion methods described above, they are transferred to a container for use in administration to a patient.

In an embodiment, TILs expanded using APCs of the present disclosure are administered to a patient as a pharmaceutical composition. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is a suspension of TILs in a sterile buffer. TILs expanded using PBMCs of the present disclosure may be administered by any suitable route as known in the art. In some embodiments, the T-cells are administered as a single intra-arterial or intravenous infusion, which preferably lasts approximately 30 to 60 minutes. Other suitable routes of administration include intraperitoneal, intrathecal, and intralymphatic.

Optional Cell Medium Components

1. Anti-CD3 Antibodies

In some embodiments, the culture media used in expansion methods described herein (including those referred to as REP, see for example, FIG. 18) also includes an anti-CD3 antibody. An anti-CD3 antibody in combination with IL-2 induces T cell activation and cell division in the TIL population. This effect can be seen with full length antibodies as well as Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments, with the former being generally preferred; see, e.g., Tsoukas et al., J. Immunol. 1985, 135, 1719, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

As will be appreciated by those in the art, there are a number of suitable anti-human CD3 antibodies that find use in the invention, including anti-human CD3 polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies from various mammals, including, but not limited to, murine, human, primate, rat, and canine antibodies. In particular embodiments, the OKT3 anti-CD3 antibody is used (commercially available from Ortho-McNeil, Raritan, N.J. or Miltenyi Biotech, Auburn, Calif.).

TABLE 5 Amino acid sequences of muromonab (exemplary OKT-3 antibody) Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 1 QVQLQQSGAE LARPGASVKM SCKASGYTFT RYTMHWVKQR PGQGLEWIGY INPSRGYTNY 60 Muromonab heavy NQKFKDKATL TTDKSSSTAY MQLSSLTSED SAVYYCARYY DDHYCLDYWG QGTTLTVSSA 120 chain KTTAPSVYPL APVCGGTTGS SVTLGCLVKG YFPEPVTLTW NSGSLSSGVH TFPAVLQSDL 180 YTLSSSVTVT SSTWPSQSIT CNVAHPASST KVDKKIEPRP KSCDKTHTCP PCPAPELLGG 240 PSVFLFPPKP KDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVS HEDPEVKFNW YVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQYN 300 STYRVVSVLT VLHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKA LPAPIEKTIS KAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSRDE 360 LTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRW 420 QQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPGK 450 SEQ ID NO: 2 QIVLTQSPAI MSASPGEKVT MTCSASSSVS YMNWYQQKSG TSPKRWIYDT SKLASGVPAH 60 Muromonab light FRGSGSGTSY SLTISGMEAE DAATYYCQQW SSNPFTFGSG TKLEINRADT APTVSIFPPS 120 chain SEQLTSGGAS VVCFLNNFYP KDINVKWKID GSERQNGVLN SWTDQDSKDS TYSMSSTLTL 180 TKDEYERHNS YTCEATHKTS TSPIVKSFNR NEC 213

2. 4-1BB (CD137) Agonists

In an embodiment, the TNFRSF agonist is a 4-1BB (CD137) agonist. The 4-1BB agonist may be any 4-1BB binding molecule known in the art. The 4-1BB binding molecule may be a monoclonal antibody or fusion protein capable of binding to human or mammalian 4-1BB. The 4-1BB agonists or 4-1BB binding molecules may comprise an immunoglobulin heavy chain of any isotype (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY), class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule. The 4-1BB agonist or 4-1BB binding molecule may have both a heavy and a light chain. As used herein, the term binding molecule also includes antibodies (including full length antibodies), monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), human, humanized or chimeric antibodies, and antibody fragments, e.g., Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, epitope-binding fragments of any of the above, and engineered forms of antibodies, e.g., scFv molecules, that bind to 4-1BB. In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is an antigen binding protein that is a fully human antibody. In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is an antigen binding protein that is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, 4-1BB agonists for use in the presently disclosed methods and compositions include anti-4-1BB antibodies, human anti-4-1BB antibodies, mouse anti-4-1BB antibodies, mammalian anti-4-1BB antibodies, monoclonal anti-4-1BB antibodies, polyclonal anti-4-1BB antibodies, chimeric anti-4-1BB antibodies, anti-4-1BB adnectins, anti-4-1BB domain antibodies, single chain anti-4-1BB fragments, heavy chain anti-4-1BB fragments, light chain anti-4-1BB fragments, anti-4-1BB fusion proteins, and fragments, derivatives, conjugates, variants, or biosimilars thereof. Agonistic anti-4-1BB antibodies are known to induce strong immune responses. Lee, et al., PLOS One 2013, 8, e69677. In a preferred embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is an agonistic, anti-4-1BB humanized or fully human monoclonal antibody (i.e., an antibody derived from a single cell line). In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is EU-101 (Eutilex Co. Ltd.), utomilumab, or urelumab, or a fragment, derivative, conjugate, variant, or biosimilar thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is utomilumab or urelumab, or a fragment, derivative, conjugate, variant, or biosimilar thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist or 4-1BB binding molecule may also be a fusion protein. In a preferred embodiment, a multimeric 4-1BB agonist, such as a trimeric or hexameric 4-1BB agonist (with three or six ligand binding domains), may induce superior receptor (4-1BBL) clustering and internal cellular signaling complex formation compared to an agonistic monoclonal antibody, which typically possesses two ligand binding domains. Trimeric (trivalent) or hexameric (or hexavalent) or greater fusion proteins comprising three TNFRSF binding domains and IgG1-Fc and optionally further linking two or more of these fusion proteins are described, e.g., in Gieffers, et al., Mol. Cancer Therapeutics 2013, 12, 2735-47.

Agonistic 4-1BB antibodies and fusion proteins are known to induce strong immune responses. In a preferred embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is a monoclonal antibody or fusion protein that binds specifically to 4-1BB antigen in a manner sufficient to reduce toxicity. In some embodiments, the 4-1BB agonist is an agonistic 4-1BB monoclonal antibody or fusion protein that abrogates antibody-dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC), for example NK cell cytotoxicity. In some embodiments, the 4-1BB agonist is an agonistic 4-1BB monoclonal antibody or fusion protein that abrogates antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis (ADCP). In some embodiments, the 4-1BB agonist is an agonistic 4-1BB monoclonal antibody or fusion protein that abrogates complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In some embodiments, the 4-1BB agonist is an agonistic 4-1BB monoclonal antibody or fusion protein which abrogates Fc region functionality.

In some embodiments, the 4-1BB agonists are characterized by binding to human 4-1BB (SEQ ID NO:9) with high affinity and agonistic activity. In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is a binding molecule that binds to human 4-1BB (SEQ ID NO:9). In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is a binding molecule that binds to murine 4-1BB (SEQ ID NO:10). The amino acid sequences of 4-1BB antigen to which a 4-1BB agonist or binding molecule binds are summarized in TABLE 6.

TABLE 6 Amino acid sequences of 4-1BB antigens. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 9 MGNSCYNIVA TLLLVLNFER TRSLQDPCSN CPAGTFCDNN RNQICSPCPP NSFSSAGGQR 60 human 4-1BB, TCDICRQCKG VFRTRKECSS TSNAECDCTP GFHCLGAGCS MCEQDCKQGQ ELTKKGCKDC 120 Tumor necrosis CFGTFNDQKR GICRPWTNCS LDGKSVLVNG THERDVVCGP SPADLSPGAS SVTPPAPARE 180 factor receptor PGHSPQIISF FLALTSTALL FLLFFLTLRF SVVKRGRKKL LYIFKQPFMR PVQTTQEEDG 240 superfamily, CSCRFPEEEE GGCEL 255 member 9 (Homo sapiens) SEQ ID NO: 10 MGNNCYNVVV IVLLLVGCEK VGAVQNSCDN CQPGTFCRKY NPVCKSCPPS TFSSIGGQPN 60 murine 4-1BB, CNICRVCAGY FRFKKFCSST HNAECECIEG FHCLGPQCTR CEKDCRPGQE LTKQGCKTCS 120 Tumor necrosis LGTFNDQNGT GVCRPWTNCS LDGRSVLKTG TTEKDVVCGP PVVSFSPSTT ISVTPEGGPG 180 factor receptor GHSLQVLTLF LALTSALLLA LIFITLLFSV LKWIRKKFPH IFKQPFKKTT GAAQEEDACS 240 superfamily, CRCPQEEEGG GGGYEL 256 member 9 (Mus musculus)

In some embodiments, the compositions, processes and methods described include a 4-1BB agonist that binds human or murine 4-1BB with a K_(D) of about 100 pM or lower, binds human or murine 4-1BB with a K_(D) of about 90 pM or lower, binds human or murine 4-1BB with a K_(D) of about 80 pM or lower, binds human or murine 4-1BB with a K_(D) of about 70 pM or lower, binds human or murine 4-1BB with a K_(D) of about 60 pM or lower, binds human or murine 4-1BB with a K_(D) of about 50 pM or lower, binds human or murine 4-1BB with a K_(D) of about 40 pM or lower, or binds human or murine 4-1BB with a K_(D) of about 30 pM or lower.

In some embodiments, the compositions, processes and methods described include a 4-1BB agonist that binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(assoc) of about 7.5×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(assoc) of about 7.5×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(assoc) of about 8×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(assoc) of about 8.5×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(assoc) of about 9×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(assoc) of about 9.5×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, or binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(assoc) of about 1×10⁶ 1/M·s or faster.

In some embodiments, the compositions, processes and methods described include a 4-1BB agonist that binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(dissoc) of about 2×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.1×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.2×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.3×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.4×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.5×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.6×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower or binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.7×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.8×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.9×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, or binds to human or murine 4-1BB with a k_(dissoc) of about 3×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower.

In some embodiments, the compositions, processes and methods described include a 4-1BB agonist that binds to human or murine 4-1BB with an IC₅₀ of about 10 nM or lower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with an IC₅₀ of about 9 nM or lower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with an IC₅₀ of about 8 nM or lower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with an IC₅₀ of about 7 nM or lower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with an IC₅₀ of about 6 nM or lower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with an IC₅₀ of about 5 nM or lower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with an IC₅₀ of about 4 nM or lower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with an IC₅₀ of about 3 nM or lower, binds to human or murine 4-1BB with an IC₅₀ of about 2 nM or lower, or binds to human or murine 4-1BB with an IC₅₀ of about 1 nM or lower.

In a preferred embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is utomilumab, also known as PF-05082566 or MOR-7480, or a fragment, derivative, variant, or biosimilar thereof. Utomilumab is available from Pfizer, Inc. Utomilumab is an immunoglobulin G2-lambda, anti-[Homo sapiens TNFRSF9 (tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily member 9, 4-1BB, T cell antigen ILA, CD137)], Homo sapiens (fully human) monoclonal antibody. The amino acid sequences of utomilumab are set forth in Table 7. Utomilumab comprises glycosylation sites at Asn59 and Asn292; heavy chain intrachain disulfide bridges at positions 22-96 (V_(H)-V_(L)), 143-199 (C_(H)1-C_(L)), 256-316 (C_(H)2) and 362-420 (C_(H)3); light chain intrachain disulfide bridges at positions 22′-87′ (V_(H)-V_(L)) and 136′-195′ (C_(H)1-C_(L)); interchain heavy chain-heavy chain disulfide bridges at IgG2A isoform positions 218-218, 219-219, 222-222, and 225-225, at IgG2A/B isoform positions 218-130, 219-219, 222-222, and 225-225, and at IgG2B isoform positions 219-130 (2), 222-222, and 225-225; and interchain heavy chain-light chain disulfide bridges at IgG2A isoform positions 130-213′ (2), IgG2A/B isoform positions 218-213′ and 130-213′, and at IgG2B isoform positions 218-213′ (2). The preparation and properties of utomilumab and its variants and fragments are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,821,867; 8,337,850; and 9,468,678, and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2012/032433 A1, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference herein. Preclinical characteristics of utomilumab are described in Fisher, et al., Cancer Immunolog. & Immunother. 2012, 61, 1721-33. Current clinical trials of utomilumab in a variety of hematological and solid tumor indications include U.S. National Institutes of Health clinicaltrials.gov identifiers NCT02444793, NCT01307267, NCT02315066, and NCT02554812.

In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises a heavy chain given by SEQ ID NO:11 and a light chain given by SEQ ID NO: 12. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains having the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:11 and SEQ ID NO: 12, respectively, or antigen binding fragments, Fab fragments, single-chain variable fragments (scFv), variants, or conjugates thereof. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:11 and SEQ ID NO: 12, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:11 and SEQ ID NO:12, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:11 and SEQ ID NO:12, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:11 and SEQ ID NO:12, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:11 and SEQ ID NO:12, respectively.

In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs or variable regions (VRs) of utomilumab. In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:13, and the 4-1BB agonist light chain variable region (V_(L)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:14, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:14, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:14, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:14, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:14, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:14, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises an scFv antibody comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:14.

In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, and SEQ ID NO:17, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, and SEQ ID NO:20, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof.

In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is a 4-1BB agonist biosimilar monoclonal antibody approved by drug regulatory authorities with reference to utomilumab. In an embodiment, the biosimilar monoclonal antibody comprises an 4-1BB antibody comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 97% sequence identity, e.g., 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product and which comprises one or more post-translational modifications as compared to the reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is utomilumab. In some embodiments, the one or more post-translational modifications are selected from one or more of: glycosylation, oxidation, deamidation, and truncation. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is a 4-1BB agonist antibody authorized or submitted for authorization, wherein the 4-1BB agonist antibody is provided in a formulation which differs from the formulations of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is utomilumab. The 4-1BB agonist antibody may be authorized by a drug regulatory authority such as the U.S. FDA and/or the European Union's EMA. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is utomilumab. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is utomilumab.

TABLE 7 Amino acid sequences for 4-1BB agonist antibodies related to utomilumab. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 11 EVQLVQSGAE VKKPGESLRI SCKGSGYSFS TYWISWVRQM PGKGLEWMGK IYPGDSYTNY 60 heavy chain for SPSFQGQVTI SADKSISTAY LQWSSLKASD TAMYYCARGY GIFDYWGQGT LVTVSSASTK 120 utomilumab GPSVFPLAPC SRSTSESTAA LGCLVKDYFP EPVTVSWNSG ALTSGVHTFP AVLQSSGLYS 180 LSSVVTVPSS NFGTQTYTCN VDHKPSNTKV DKTVERKCCV ECPPCPAPPV AGPSVFLFPP 240 KPKDTLMISR TPEVTCVVVD VSHEDPEVQF NWYVDGVEVH NAKTKPREEQ FNSTFRVVSV 300 LTVVHQDWLN GKEYECKVSN KGLPAPIEKT ISKTKGQPRE PQVYTLPPSR EEMTKNQVSL 360 TCLVKGFYPS DIAVEWESNG QPENNYKTTP PMLDSDGSFF LYSKLTVDKS RWQQGNVFSC 420 SVMHEALHNH YTQKSLSLSP G 441 SEQ ID NO: 12 SYELTQPPSV SVSPGQTASI TCSGDNIGDQ YAHWYQQKPG QSPVLVIYQD KNRPSGIPER 60 light chain for FSGSNSGNTA TLTISGTQAM DEADYYCATY TGFGSLAVFG GGTKLTVLGQ PKAAPSVTLF 120 utomilumab PPSSEELQAN KATLVCLISD FYPGAVTVAW KADSSPVKAG VETTTPSKQS NNKYAASSYL 180 SLTPEQWKSH RSYSCQVTHE GSTVEKTVAP TECS 214 SEQ ID NO: 13 EVQLVQSGAE VKKPGESLRI SCKGSGYSFS TYWISWVRQM PGKGLEWMG KIYPGDSYTN 60 heavy chain YSPSFQGQVT ISADKSISTA YLQWSSLKAS DTAMYYCARG YGIFDYWGQ GTLVTVSS 118 variable region for utomilumab SEQ ID NO: 14 SYELTQPPSV SVSPGQTASI TCSGDNIGDQ YAHWYQQKPG QSPVLVIYQD KNRPSGIPER 60 light chain FSGSNSGNTA TLTISGTQAM DEADYYCATY TGFGSLAVFG GGTKLTVL 108 variable region for utomilumab SEQ ID NO: 15 STYWIS 6 heavy chain CDR1 for utomilumab SEQ ID NO: 16 KIYPGDSYTN YSPSFQG 17 heavy chain CDR2 for utomilumab SEQ ID NO: 17 RGYGIFDY 8 heavy chain CDR3 for utomilumab SEQ ID NO: 18 SGDNIGDQYA H 11 light chain CDR1 for utomilumab SEQ ID NO: 19 QDKNRPS 7 light chain CDR2 for utomilumab SEQ ID NO: 20 ATYTGFGSLA V 11 light chain CDR3 for utomilumab

In a preferred embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is the monoclonal antibody urelumab, also known as BMS-663513 and 20H4.9.h4a, or a fragment, derivative, variant, or biosimilar thereof. Urelumab is available from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., and Creative Biolabs, Inc. Urelumab is an immunoglobulin G4-kappa, anti-[Homo sapiens TNFRSF9 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9, 4-1BB, T cell antigen ILA, CD137)], Homo sapiens (fully human) monoclonal antibody. The amino acid sequences of urelumab are set forth in Table 7. Urelumab comprises N-glycosylation sites at positions 298 (and 298″); heavy chain intrachain disulfide bridges at positions 22-95 (V_(H)-V_(L)), 148-204 (C_(H)1-C_(L)), 262-322 (C_(H)2) and 368-426 (C_(H)3) (and at positions 22″-95″, 148″-204″, 262″-322″, and 368″-426″); light chain intrachain disulfide bridges at positions 23′-88′ (V_(H)-V_(L)) and 136′-196′ (C_(H)1-C_(L)) (and at positions 23′″-88′″ and 136′″-196′″); interchain heavy chain-heavy chain disulfide bridges at positions 227-227″ and 230-230″; and interchain heavy chain-light chain disulfide bridges at 135-216′ and 135″-216′″. The preparation and properties of urelumab and its variants and fragments are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,288,638 and 8,962,804, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. The preclinical and clinical characteristics of urelumab are described in Segal, et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 2016, available at http:/dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-1272. Current clinical trials of urelumab in a variety of hematological and solid tumor indications include U.S. National Institutes of Health clinicaltrials.gov identifiers NCT01775631, NCT02110082, NCT02253992, and NCT01471210.

In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises a heavy chain given by SEQ ID NO:21 and a light chain given by SEQ ID NO:22. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains having the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:22, respectively, or antigen binding fragments, Fab fragments, single-chain variable fragments (scFv), variants, or conjugates thereof. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:22, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:22, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:22, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:22, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:22, respectively.

In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs or variable regions (VRs) of urelumab. In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:23, and the 4-1BB agonist light chain variable region (V_(L)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:24, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:23 and SEQ ID NO:24, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:23 and SEQ ID NO:24, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:23 and SEQ ID NO:24, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:23 and SEQ ID NO:24, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:23 and SEQ ID NO:24, respectively. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises an scFv antibody comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:23 and SEQ ID NO:24.

In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist comprises heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, and SEQ ID NO:27, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, and SEQ ID NO:30, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof.

In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is a 4-1BB agonist biosimilar monoclonal antibody approved by drug regulatory authorities with reference to urelumab. In an embodiment, the biosimilar monoclonal antibody comprises an 4-1BB antibody comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 97% sequence identity, e.g., 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product and which comprises one or more post-translational modifications as compared to the reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is urelumab. In some embodiments, the one or more post-translational modifications are selected from one or more of: glycosylation, oxidation, deamidation, and truncation. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is a 4-1BB agonist antibody authorized or submitted for authorization, wherein the 4-1BB agonist antibody is provided in a formulation which differs from the formulations of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is urelumab. The 4-1BB agonist antibody may be authorized by a drug regulatory authority such as the U.S. FDA and/or the European Union's EMA. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is urelumab. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is urelumab.

TABLE 8 Amino acid sequences for 4-1BB agonist antibodies related to urelumab. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 21 QVQLQQWGAG LLKPSETLSL TCAVYGGSFS GYYWSWIRQS PEKGLEWIGE INHGGYVTYN 60 heavy chain for PSLESRVTIS VDTSENQFSL KLSSVTAADT AVYYCARDYG PGNYDWYFDL WGRGTLVTVS 120 urelumab SASTKGPSVF PLAPCSRSTS ESTAALGCLV KDYFPEPVTV SWNSGALTSG VHTFPAVLQS 180 SGLYSLSSVV TVPSSSLGTK TYTCNVDHKP SNTKVDKRVE SKYGPPCPPC PAPEFLGGPS 240 VFLFPPEPED TLMISRTPEV TCVVVDVSQE DPEVQFNWYV DGVEVHNAKT KPREEQFNST 300 YRVVSVLTVL HQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKGLP SSIEKTISKA KGQPREPQVY TLPPSQEEMT 360 KNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPVLD SDGSFFLYSR LTVDKSRWQE 420 GNVFSCSVMH EALHNHYTQK SLSLSLGK 448 SEQ ID NO: 22 EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS SYLAWYQQKP GQAPRLLIYD ASNRATGIPA 60 light chain for RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLEP EDFAVYYCQQ RSNWPPALTF CGGTKVEIKR TVAAPSVFIF 120 urelumab PPSDEQLKSG TASVVCLLNN FYPREAKVQW KVDNALQSGN SQESVTEQDS KDSTYSLSST 180 LTLSKADYEK HKVYACEVTH QGLSSPVTKS FNRGEC 216 SEQ ID NO: 23 MKHLWFFLLL VAAPRWVLSQ VQLQQWGAGL LKPSETLSLT CAVYGGSFSG YYWSWIRQSP 60 variable heavy EKGLEWIGEI NHGGYVTYNP SLESRVTISV DTSKNQFSLK LSSVTAADTA VYYCARDYGP 120 chain for urelumab SEQ ID NO: 24 MEAPAQLLFL LLLWLPDTTG EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS SYLAWYQQKP 60 variable light GQAPRLLIYD ASNRATGIPA RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLEP EDFAVYYCQQ 110 chain for urelumab SEQ ID NO: 25 GYYWS 5 heavy chain CDR1 for urelumab SEQ ID NO: 26 EINHGGYVTY NPSLES 16 heavy chain CDR2 for urelumab SEQ ID NO: 27 DYGPGNYDWY FDL 13 heavy chain CDR3 for urelumab SEQ ID NO: 28 RASQSVSSYL A 11 light chain CDR1 for urelumab SEQ ID NO: 29 DASNRAT 7 light chain CDR2 for urelumab SEQ ID NO: 30 QQRSDWPPAL T 11 light chain CDR3 for urelumab

In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is selected from the group consisting of 1D8, 3Elor, 4B4 (BioLegend 309809), H4-1BB-M127 (BD Pharmingen 552532), BBK2 (Thermo Fisher MS621PABX), 145501 (Leinco Technologies B591), the antibody produced by cell line deposited as ATCC No. HB-11248 and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,974,863, 5F4 (BioLegend 31 1503), C65-485 (BD Pharmingen 559446), antibodies disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2005/0095244, antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,288,638 (such as 20H4.9-IgGl (BMS-663031)), antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,887,673 (such as 4E9 or BMS-554271), antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,214,493, antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,121, antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,997, antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,905,685 (such as 4E9 or BMS-554271), antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,362,325 (such as 1D8 or BMS-469492; 3H3 or BMS-469497; or 3E1), antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,974,863 (such as 53A2); antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,669 (such as 1D8, 3B8, or 3E1), antibodies described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,893, antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,121, antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,997, antibodies disclosed in International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 2012/177788, WO 2015/119923, and WO 2010/042433, and fragments, derivatives, conjugates, variants, or biosimilars thereof, wherein the disclosure of each of the foregoing patents or patent application publications is incorporated by reference here.

In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is a 4-1BB agonistic fusion protein described in International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 2008/025516 A1, WO 2009/007120 A1, WO 2010/003766 A1, WO 2010/010051 A1, and WO 2010/078966 A1; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2011/0027218 A1, US 2015/0126709 A1, US 2011/0111494 A1, US 2015/0110734 A1, and US 2015/0126710 A1; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,359,420, 9,340,599, 8,921,519, and 8,450,460, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.

In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is a 4-1BB agonistic fusion protein as depicted in Structure I-A (C-terminal Fc-antibody fragment fusion protein) or Structure I-B (N-terminal Fc-antibody fragment fusion protein), or a fragment, derivative, conjugate, variant, or biosimilar thereof:

In structures I-A and I-B, the cylinders refer to individual polypeptide binding domains. Structures I-A and I-B comprise three linearly-linked TNFRSF binding domains derived from e.g., 4-1BBL or an antibody that binds 4-1BB, which fold to form a trivalent protein, which is then linked to a second trivalent protein through IgG1-Fc (including C_(H)3 and C_(H)2 domains) is then used to link two of the trivalent proteins together through disulfide bonds (small elongated ovals), stabilizing the structure and providing an agonists capable of bringing together the intracellular signaling domains of the six receptors and signaling proteins to form a signaling complex. The TNFRSF binding domains denoted as cylinders may be scFv domains comprising, e.g., a V_(H) and a V_(L) chain connected by a linker that may comprise hydrophilic residues and Gly and Ser sequences for flexibility, as well as Glu and Lys for solubility. Any scFv domain design may be used, such as those described in de Marco, Microbial Cell Factories, 2011, 10, 44; Ahmad, et al., Clin. & Dev. Immunol. 2012, 980250; Monnier, et al., Antibodies, 2013, 2, 193-208; or in references incorporated elsewhere herein. Fusion protein structures of this form are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,359,420, 9,340,599, 8,921,519, and 8,450,460, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.

Amino acid sequences for the other polypeptide domains of structure I-A are given in Table 9. The Fc domain preferably comprises a complete constant domain (amino acids 17-230 of SEQ ID NO:31) the complete hinge domain (amino acids 1-16 of SEQ ID NO:31) or a portion of the hinge domain (e.g., amino acids 4-16 of SEQ ID NO:31). Preferred linkers for connecting a C-terminal Fc-antibody may be selected from the embodiments given in SEQ ID NO:32 to SEQ ID NO:41, including linkers suitable for fusion of additional polypeptides.

TABLE 9 Amino acid sequences for TNFRSF fusion proteins, including 4-1BB fusion proteins, with C-terminal Fc-antibody fragment fusion protein design (structure I-A). Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 31 KSCDKTHTCP PCPAPELLGG PSVFLFPPKP KDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVS HEDPEVKFNW 60 Fc domain YVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQYN STYRVVSVLT VLHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKA LPAPIEKTIS 120 KAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSREE MTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPV 180 LDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRW QQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPGK 230 SEQ ID NO: 32 GGPGSSKSCD KTHTCPPCPA PE 22 linker SEQ ID NO: 33 GGSGSSKSCD KTHTCPPCPA PE 22 linker SEQ ID NO: 34 GGPGSSSSSS SKSCDKTHTC PPCPAPE 27 linker SEQ ID NO: 35 GGSGSSSSSS SKSCDKTHTC PPCPAPE 27 linker SEQ ID NO: 36 GGPGSSSSSS SSSKSCDKTH TCPPCPAPE 29 linker SEQ ID NO: 37 GGSGSSSSSS SSSKSCDKTH TCPPCPAPE 29 linker SEQ ID NO: 38 GGPGSSGSGS SDKTHTCPPC PAPE 24 linker SEQ ID NO: 39 GGPGSSGSGS DKTHTCPPCP APE 23 linker SEQ ID NO: 40 GGPSSSGSDK THTCPPCPAP E 21 linker SEQ ID NO: 41 GGSSSSSSSS GSDKTHTCPP CPAPE 25 linker

Amino acid sequences for the other polypeptide domains of structure I-B are given in Table 10. If an Fc antibody fragment is fused to the N-terminus of an TNRFSF fusion protein as in structure I-B, the sequence of the Fc module is preferably that shown in SEQ ID NO:42, and the linker sequences are preferably selected from those embodiments set forth in SEQ ID NO:43 to SEQ ID NO:45.

TABLE 10 Amino acid sequences for TNFRSF fusicN proteins, including 4-1BB fusion proteins, with N-terminal Fc-antibody fragment fusion protein design (structure I-B). Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 42 METDTLLLWV LLLWVPAGNG DKTHTCPPCP APELLGGPSV FLFPPKPKDT LMISRTPEVT 60 Fc domain CVVVDVSHED PEVKFNWYVD GVEVHNAKTK PREEQYNSTY RVVSVLTVLH QDWLNGKEYK 120 CKVSNKALPA PIEKTISKAK GQPREPQVYT LPPSREEMTK NQVSLTCLVK GFYPSDIAVE 180 WESNGQPENN YKTTPPVLDS DGSFFLYSKL TVDKSRWQQG NVFSCSVMHE ALHNHYTQKS 240 LSLSPG 246 SEQ ID NO: 43 SGSGSGSGSG S 11 linker SEQ ID NO: 44 SSSSSSGSGS GS 12 linker SEQ ID NO: 45 SSSSSSGSGS GSGSGS 16 linker

In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more 4-1BB binding domains selected from the group consisting of a variable heavy chain and variable light chain of utomilumab, a variable heavy chain and variable light chain of urelumab, a variable heavy chain and variable light chain of utomilumab, a variable heavy chain and variable light chain selected from the variable heavy chains and variable light chains described in Table 9, any combination of a variable heavy chain and variable light chain of the foregoing, and fragments, derivatives, conjugates, variants, and biosimilars thereof.

In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more 4-1BB binding domains comprising a 4-1BBL sequence. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more 4-1BB binding domains comprising a sequence according to SEQ ID NO:46. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more 4-1BB binding domains comprising a soluble 4-1BBL sequence. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more 4-1BB binding domains comprising a sequence according to SEQ ID NO:47.

In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more 4-1BB binding domains that is a scFv domain comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:14, respectively, wherein the V_(H) and V_(L) domains are connected by a linker. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more 4-1BB binding domains that is a scFv domain comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:23 and SEQ ID NO:24, respectively, wherein the V_(H) and V_(L) domains are connected by a linker. In an embodiment, a 4-1BB agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more 4-1BB binding domains that is a scFv domain comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the V_(H) and V_(L) sequences given in Table 11, wherein the V_(H) and V_(L) domains are connected by a linker.

TABLE 11 Additional polypeptide domains useful as 4-1BB binding domains in fusion proteins or as scFv 4-1BB agonist antibodies. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 46 MEYASDASLD PEAPWPPAPR ARACRVLPWA LVAGLLLLLL LAAACAVFLA CPWAVSGARA 60 4-1BBL SPGSAASPRL REGPELSPDD PAGLLDLRQG MFAQLVAQNV LLIDGPLSWY SDPGLAGVSL 120 TGGLSYKEDT KELVVAKAGV YYVFFQLELR RVVAGEGSGS VSLALHLQPL RSAAGAAALA 180 LTVDLPPASS EARNSAFGFQ GRLLHLSAGQ RLGVHLHTEA RARHAWQLTQ GATVLGLFRV 240 TPEIPAGLPS PRSE 254 SEQ ID NO: 47 LRQGMFAQLV AQNVLLIDGP LSWYSDPGLA GVSLTGGLSY KEDTKELVVA KAGVYYVFFQ 60 4-1BBL soluble LELRRVVAGE GSGSVSLALH LQPLRSAAGA AALALTVDLP PASSEARNSA FGFQGRLLHL 120 domain SAGQRLGVHL HTEARARHAW QLTQGATVLG LFRVTPEIPA GLPSPRSE 168 SEQ ID NO: 48 QVQLQQPGAE LVKPGASVKL SCKASGYTFS SYWMHWVFQR PGQVLEWIGE INPGNGHTNY 60 variable heavy NEKFKSKATL TVDKSSSTAY MQLSSLTSED SAVYYCARSF TTARGFAYWG QGTLVTVS 118 chain for 4B4-1- 1 version 1 SEQ ID NO: 49 DIVMTQSPAT QSVTPGDRVS LSCRASQTIS DYLHWYQQKS HESPRLLIKY ASQSISGIPS 60 variable light RFSGSGSGSD FTLSINSVEP EDVGVYYCQD GHSFPPTFGG GTKLEIK 107 chain for 4B4-1- 1 version 1 SEQ ID NO: 50 QVQLQQPGAE LVKPGASVKL SCKASGYTFS SYWMHWVFQR PGQVLEWIGE INPGNGHTNY 60 variable heavy NEKFKSKATL TVDKSSSTAY MQLSSLTSED SAVYYCARSF TTARGFAYWG QGTLVTVSA 119 chain for 4B4-1- 1 version 2 SEQ ID NO: 51 DIVMTQSPAT QSVTPGDRVS LSCRASQTIS DYLHWYQQKS HESPRLLIKY ASQSISGIPS 60 variable light RFSGSGSGSD FTLSINSVEP EDVGVYYCQD GHSFPPTFGG GTKLEIKR 108 chain for 4B4-1- 1 version 2 SEQ ID NO: 52 MDWTWRILFL VAAATGAHSE VQLVESGGGL VQPGGSLRLS CAASGFTFSD YWMSWVRQAP 60 variable heavy GKGLEWVADI KNDGSYTNYA PSLTNRFTIS RDNAKNSLYL QMNSLRAEDT AVYYCARELT 120 chain for H39E3- 2 SEQ ID NO: 53 MEAPAQLLFL LLLWLPDTTG DIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SSGNQKNYL 60 variable light WYQQKPGQPP KLLIYYASTR QSGVPDRFSG SGSGTDFTLT ISSLQAEDVA 110 chain for H39E3- 2

In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is a 4-1BB agonistic single-chain fusion polypeptide comprising (i) a first soluble 4-1BB binding domain, (ii) a first peptide linker, (iii) a second soluble 4-1BB binding domain, (iv) a second peptide linker, and (v) a third soluble 4-1BB binding domain, further comprising an additional domain at the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end, and wherein the additional domain is a Fab or Fc fragment domain. In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is a 4-1BB agonistic single-chain fusion polypeptide comprising (i) a first soluble 4-1BB binding domain, (ii) a first peptide linker, (iii) a second soluble 4-1BB binding domain, (iv) a second peptide linker, and (v) a third soluble 4-1BB binding domain, further comprising an additional domain at the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end, wherein the additional domain is a Fab or Fc fragment domain, wherein each of the soluble 4-1BB domains lacks a stalk region (which contributes to trimerisation and provides a certain distance to the cell membrane, but is not part of the 4-1BB binding domain) and the first and the second peptide linkers independently have a length of 3-8 amino acids.

In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is a 4-1BB agonistic single-chain fusion polypeptide comprising (i) a first soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily cytokine domain, (ii) a first peptide linker, (iii) a second soluble TNF superfamily cytokine domain, (iv) a second peptide linker, and (v) a third soluble TNF superfamily cytokine domain, wherein each of the soluble TNF superfamily cytokine domains lacks a stalk region and the first and the second peptide linkers independently have a length of 3-8 amino acids, and wherein each TNF superfamily cytokine domain is a 4-1BB binding domain.

In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is a 4-1BB agonistic scFv antibody comprising any of the foregoing V_(H) domains linked to any of the foregoing V_(L) domains.

In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is BPS Bioscience 4-1BB agonist antibody catalog no. 79097-2, commercially available from BPS Bioscience, San Diego, Calif., USA. In an embodiment, the 4-1BB agonist is Creative Biolabs 4-1BB agonist antibody catalog no. MOM-18179, commercially available from Creative Biolabs, Shirley, N.Y., USA.

3. OX40 (CD134) Agonists

In an embodiment, the TNFRSF agonist is an OX40 (CD134) agonist. The OX40 agonist may be any OX40 binding molecule known in the art. The OX40 binding molecule may be a monoclonal antibody or fusion protein capable of binding to human or mammalian OX40. The OX40 agonists or OX40 binding molecules may comprise an immunoglobulin heavy chain of any isotype (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY), class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule. The OX40 agonist or OX40 binding molecule may have both a heavy and a light chain. As used herein, the term binding molecule also includes antibodies (including full length antibodies), monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), human, humanized or chimeric antibodies, and antibody fragments, e.g., Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, epitope-binding fragments of any of the above, and engineered forms of antibodies, e.g., scFv molecules, that bind to OX40. In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is an antigen binding protein that is a fully human antibody. In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is an antigen binding protein that is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, OX40 agonists for use in the presently disclosed methods and compositions include anti-OX40 antibodies, human anti-OX40 antibodies, mouse anti-OX40 antibodies, mammalian anti-OX40 antibodies, monoclonal anti-OX40 antibodies, polyclonal anti-OX40 antibodies, chimeric anti-OX40 antibodies, anti-OX40 adnectins, anti-OX40 domain antibodies, single chain anti-OX40 fragments, heavy chain anti-OX40 fragments, light chain anti-OX40 fragments, anti-OX40 fusion proteins, and fragments, derivatives, conjugates, variants, or biosimilars thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the OX40 agonist is an agonistic, anti-OX40 humanized or fully human monoclonal antibody (i.e., an antibody derived from a single cell line).

In a preferred embodiment, the OX40 agonist or OX40 binding molecule may also be a fusion protein. OX40 fusion proteins comprising an Fc domain fused to OX40L are described, for example, in Sadun, et al., J. Immunother. 2009, 182, 1481-89. In a preferred embodiment, a multimeric OX40 agonist, such as a trimeric or hexameric OX40 agonist (with three or six ligand binding domains), may induce superior receptor (OX40L) clustering and internal cellular signaling complex formation compared to an agonistic monoclonal antibody, which typically possesses two ligand binding domains. Trimeric (trivalent) or hexameric (or hexavalent) or greater fusion proteins comprising three TNFRSF binding domains and IgG1-Fc and optionally further linking two or more of these fusion proteins are described, e.g., in Gieffers, et al., Mol. Cancer Therapeutics 2013, 12, 2735-47.

Agonistic OX40 antibodies and fusion proteins are known to induce strong immune responses. Curti, et al., Cancer Res. 2013, 73, 7189-98. In a preferred embodiment, the OX40 agonist is a monoclonal antibody or fusion protein that binds specifically to OX40 antigen in a manner sufficient to reduce toxicity. In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist is an agonistic OX40 monoclonal antibody or fusion protein that abrogates antibody-dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC), for example NK cell cytotoxicity. In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist is an agonistic OX40 monoclonal antibody or fusion protein that abrogates antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis (ADCP). In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist is an agonistic OX40 monoclonal antibody or fusion protein that abrogates complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist is an agonistic OX40 monoclonal antibody or fusion protein which abrogates Fc region functionality.

In some embodiments, the OX40 agonists are characterized by binding to human OX40 (SEQ ID NO:54) with high affinity and agonistic activity. In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is a binding molecule that binds to human OX40 (SEQ ID NO:54). In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is a binding molecule that binds to murine OX40 (SEQ ID NO:55). The amino acid sequences of OX40 antigen to which an OX40 agonist or binding molecule binds are summarized in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Amino acid sequences of OX40 antigens. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 54 MCVGARRLGR GPCAALLLLG LGLSTVTGLH CVGDTYPSND RCCHECRPGN GMVSRCSRSQ 60 human OX40 NTVCRPCGPG FYNDVVSSXP CKPCTWCNLR SGSERKQLCT ATQDTVCRCR AGTQPLDSYK 120 (Homo sapiens) PGVDCAPCPP GHFSPGDNQA CKPWTNCTLA GKHTLQPASN SSDAICEDRD PPATQPQETQ 180 GPPARPITVQ PTEAWPRTSQ GPSTRPVEVP GGRAVAAILG LGLVLGLLGP LAILLALYLL 240 RRDQRLPPDA HKPPGGGSFR TPIQEEQADA HSTLAKI 277 SEQ ID NO: 55 MYVWVQQPTA LLLLGLTLGV TARRLNCVKH TYPSGHKCCR ECQPGHGMVS RCDHTRDTLC 60 murine OX40 HPCETGFYNE AVNYDTCKQC TQCNHRSGSE LKQNCTPTQD TVCRCRPGTQ PRQDSGYKLG 120 (Mus musculus) VDCVPCPPGH FSPGNNQACK PWTNCTLSGK QTRHPASDSL DAVCEDRSLL ATLLWETQRP 180 TFRPTTVQST TVWPRTSELP SPPTLVTPEG PAFAVLLGLG LGLLAPLTVL LALYLLRKAW 240 RLPNTPKPCW GNSFRTPIQE EHTDAHFTLA KI 272

In some embodiments, the compositions, processes and methods described include a OX40 agonist that binds human or murine OX40 with a K_(D) of about 100 pM or lower, binds human or murine OX40 with a K_(D) of about 90 pM or lower, binds human or murine OX40 with a K_(D) of about 80 pM or lower, binds human or murine OX40 with a K_(D) of about 70 pM or lower, binds human or murine OX40 with a K_(D) of about 60 pM or lower, binds human or murine OX40 with a K_(D) of about 50 pM or lower, binds human or murine OX40 with a K_(D) of about 40 pM or lower, or binds human or murine OX40 with a K_(D) of about 30 pM or lower.

In some embodiments, the compositions, processes and methods described include a OX40 agonist that binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(assoc) of about 7.5×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(assoc) of about 7.5×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(assoc) of about 8×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(assoc) of about 8.5×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(assoc) of about 9×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(assoc) of about 9.5×10⁵ 1/M·s or faster, or binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(assoc) of about 1×10⁶ 1/M·s or faster.

In some embodiments, the compositions, processes and methods described include a OX40 agonist that binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(dissoc) of about 2×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.1×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.2×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.3×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.4×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.5×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.6×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower or binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.7×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.8×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(dissoc) of about 2.9×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower, or binds to human or murine OX40 with a k_(dissoc) of about 3×10⁻⁵ 1/s or slower.

In some embodiments, the compositions, processes and methods described include OX40 agonist that binds to human or murine OX40 with an IC₅₀ of about 10 nM or lower, binds to human or murine OX40 with an IC₅₀ of about 9 nM or lower, binds to human or murine OX40 with an IC₅₀ of about 8 nM or lower, binds to human or murine OX40 with an IC₅₀ of about 7 nM or lower, binds to human or murine OX40 with an IC₅₀ of about 6 nM or lower, binds to human or murine OX40 with an IC₅₀ of about 5 nM or lower, binds to human or murine OX40 with an IC₅₀ of about 4 nM or lower, binds to human or murine OX40 with an IC₅₀ of about 3 nM or lower, binds to human or murine OX40 with an IC₅₀ of about 2 nM or lower, or binds to human or murine OX40 with an IC₅₀ of about 1 nM or lower.

In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist is tavolixizumab, also known as MEDI0562 or MEDI-0562. Tavolixizumab is available from the MedImmune subsidiary of AstraZeneca, Inc. Tavolixizumab is immunoglobulin G1-kappa, anti-[Homo sapiens TNFRSF4 (tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily member 4, OX40, CD134)], humanized and chimeric monoclonal antibody. The amino acid sequences of tavolixizumab are set forth in Table 13. Tavolixizumab comprises N-glycosylation sites at positions 301 and 301″, with fucosylated complex bi-antennary CHO-type glycans; heavy chain intrachain disulfide bridges at positions 22-95 (V_(H)-V_(L)), 148-204 (C_(H)1-C_(L)), 265-325 (C_(H)2) and 371-429 (C_(H)3) (and at positions 22″-95″, 148″-204″, 265″-325″, and 371″-429″); light chain intrachain disulfide bridges at positions 23′-88′ (V_(H)-V_(L)) and 134′-194′ (C_(H)1-C_(L)) (and at positions 23′″-88′″ and 134′″-194′″); interchain heavy chain-heavy chain disulfide bridges at positions 230-230″ and 233-233″; and interchain heavy chain-light chain disulfide bridges at 224-214′ and 224″-214′″. Current clinical trials of tavolixizumab in a variety of solid tumor indications include U.S. National Institutes of Health clinicaltrials.gov identifiers NCT02318394 and NCT02705482.

In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises a heavy chain given by SEQ ID NO:56 and a light chain given by SEQ ID NO:57. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains having the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:56 and SEQ ID NO:57, respectively, or antigen binding fragments, Fab fragments, single-chain variable fragments (scFv), variants, or conjugates thereof. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:56 and SEQ ID NO:57, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:56 and SEQ ID NO:57, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:56 and SEQ ID NO:57, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:56 and SEQ ID NO:57, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:56 and SEQ ID NO:57, respectively.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs or variable regions (VRs) of tavolixizumab. In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:58, and the OX40 agonist light chain variable region (V_(L)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:59, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:58 and SEQ ID NO:59, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:58 and SEQ ID NO:59, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:58 and SEQ ID NO:59, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:58 and SEQ ID NO:59, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:58 and SEQ ID NO:59, respectively. In an embodiment, an OX40 agonist comprises an scFv antibody comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:58 and SEQ ID NO:59.

In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:60, SEQ ID NO:61, and SEQ ID NO:62, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:63, SEQ ID NO:64, and SEQ ID NO:65, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is a OX40 agonist biosimilar monoclonal antibody approved by drug regulatory authorities with reference to tavolixizumab. In an embodiment, the biosimilar monoclonal antibody comprises an OX40 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 97% sequence identity, e.g., 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product and which comprises one or more post-translational modifications as compared to the reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is tavolixizumab. In some embodiments, the one or more post-translational modifications are selected from one or more of: glycosylation, oxidation, deamidation, and truncation. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is a OX40 agonist antibody authorized or submitted for authorization, wherein the OX40 agonist antibody is provided in a formulation which differs from the formulations of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is tavolixizumab. The OX40 agonist antibody may be authorized by a drug regulatory authority such as the U.S. FDA and/or the European Union's EMA. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is tavolixizumab. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is tavolixizumab.

TABLE 13 Amino acid sequences for OX40 agonist antibodies related to tavolixizumab. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 56 QVQLQESGPG LVKPSQTLSL TCAVYGGSFS SGYWNWIRKH PGKGLEYIGY ISYNGITYHN 60 heavy chain for PSLKSRITIN RDTSKNQYSL QLNSVTPEDT AVYYCARYKY DYDGGHAMDY WGQGTLVTVS 120 tavolixizumab SASTKGPSVF PLAPSSKSTS GGTAALGCLV KDYFPEPVTV SWNSGALTSG VHTFPAVLQS 180 SGLYSLSSVV TVPSSSLGTQ TYICNVNHKP SNTKVDKRVE PKSCDKTHTC PPCPAPELLG 240 GPSVFLFPPK PKDTLMISRT PEVTCVVVDV SHEDPEVKFN WYVDGVEVHN AKTKPREEQY 300 NSTYRVVSVL TVLHQDWLNG KEYKCKVSNK ALPAPIEKTI SKAKGQPREP QVYTLPPSRE 360 EMTKNQVSLT CLVKGFYPSD IAVEWESNGQ PENNYKTTPP VLDSDGSFFL YSKLTVDKSR 420 WQQGNVFSCS VMHEALHNHY TQKSLSLSPG K 451 SEQ ID NO: 57 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQDIS NYLNWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYY TSKLHSGVPS 60 light chain for RFSGSGSGTD YTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ GSALPWTFGQ GTKVEIKRTV AAPSVFIFPP 120 tavolixizumab SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT 180 LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN RGEC 214 SEQ ID NO: 58 QVQLQESGPG LVKPSQTLSL TCAVYGGSFS SGYWNWIRKH PGKGLEYIGY ISYNGITYHN 60 heavy chain PSLKSRITIN RDTSKNQYSL QLNSVTPEDT AVYYCARYKY DYDGGHAMDY WGQGTLVT 118 variable region for tavolixizumab SEQ ID NO: 59 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQDIS NYLNWYQQKP GKAPELLIYY TSKLHSGVPS 60 light chain RFSGSGSGTD YTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ GSALPWTFGQ GTKVEIKR 108 variable region for tavolixizumab SEQ ID NO: 60 GSFSSGYWN 9 heavy chain CDR1 for tavolixizumab SEQ ID NO: 61 YIGYISYNGI TYH 13 heavy chain CDR2 for tavolixizumab SEQ ID NO: 62 RYKYDYDGGH AMDY 14 heavy chain CDR3 for tavolixizumab SEQ ID NO: 63 QDISNYLN 8 light chain CDR1 for tavolixizumab SEQ ID NO: 64 LLIYYTSKLH S 11 light chain CDR2 for tavolixizumab SEQ ID NO: 65 QQGSALPW 8 light chain CDR3 for tavolixizumab

In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist is 11D4, which is a fully human antibody available from Pfizer, Inc. The preparation and properties of 11D4 are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,960,515; 8,236,930; and 9,028,824, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. The amino acid sequences of 11D4 are set forth in Table 14.

In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises a heavy chain given by SEQ ID NO:66 and a light chain given by SEQ ID NO:67. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains having the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:66 and SEQ ID NO:67, respectively, or antigen binding fragments, Fab fragments, single-chain variable fragments (scFv), variants, or conjugates thereof. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:66 and SEQ ID NO:67, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:66 and SEQ ID NO:67, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:66 and SEQ ID NO:67, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:66 and SEQ ID NO:67, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:66 and SEQ ID NO:67, respectively.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs or variable regions (VRs) of 11D4. In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:68, and the OX40 agonist light chain variable region (V_(L)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:69, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:68 and SEQ ID NO:69, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:68 and SEQ ID NO:69, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:68 and SEQ ID NO:69, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:68 and SEQ ID NO:69, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:68 and SEQ ID NO:69, respectively.

In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:70, SEQ ID NO:71, and SEQ ID NO:72, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:73, SEQ ID NO:74, and SEQ ID NO:75, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is a OX40 agonist biosimilar monoclonal antibody approved by drug regulatory authorities with reference to 11D4. In an embodiment, the biosimilar monoclonal antibody comprises an OX40 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 97% sequence identity, e.g., 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product and which comprises one or more post-translational modifications as compared to the reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is 11D4. In some embodiments, the one or more post-translational modifications are selected from one or more of: glycosylation, oxidation, deamidation, and truncation. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is a OX40 agonist antibody authorized or submitted for authorization, wherein the OX40 agonist antibody is provided in a formulation which differs from the formulations of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is 11D4. The OX40 agonist antibody may be authorized by a drug regulatory authority such as the U.S. FDA and/or the European Union's EMA. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is 11D4. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is 11D4.

TABLE 14 Amino acid sequences for OX40 agonist antibodies related to 11D4. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 66 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS SYSMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVSY ISSSSSTIDY 60 heavy chain for ADSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNSLY LQMNSLRDED TAVYYCARES GWYLFDYWGQ GTLVTVSSAS 120 11D4 TKGPSVFPLA PCSRSTSEST AALGCLVKDY FPEPVTVSWN SGALTSGVHT FPAVLQSSGL 180 YSLSSVVTVP SSNFGTQTYT CNVDHKPSNT KVDKTVERKC CVECPPCPAP PVAGPSVFLF 240 PPKPKDTLMI SRTPEVTCVV VDVSHEDPEV QFNWYVDGVE VHNAKTKPRE EQFNSTFRVV 300 SVLTVVHQDW LNGKEYKCKV SNKGLPAPIE KTISKTKGQP REPQVYTLPP SREEMTKNQV 360 SLTCLVKGFY PSDIAVEWES NGQPENNYKT TPPMLDSDGS FFLYSKLTVD KSRWQQGNVF 420 SCSVMHEALH NHYTQKSLSL SPGK 444 SEQ ID NO: 67 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQGIS SWLAWYQQKP EKAPKSLIYA ASSLQSGVPS 60 light chain for RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ YNSYPPTFGG GTKVEIKRTV AAPSVFIFPP 120 11D4 SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT 180 LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN RGEC 214 SEQ ID NO: 68 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS SYSMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVSY ISSSSSTIDY 60 heavy chain ADSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNSLY LQMNSLRDED TAVYYCARES GWYLFDYWGQ GTLVTVSS 118 variable region for 11D4 SEQ ID NO: 69 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQGIS SWLAWYQQKP EKAPKSLIYA ASSLQSGVPS 60 light chain RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ YNSYPPTFGG GTKVEIK 107 variable region for 11D4 SEQ ID NO: 70 SYSMN 5 heavy chain CDR1 for 11D4 SEQ ID NO: 71 YISSSSSTID YADSVKG 17 heavy chain CDR2 for 11D4 SEQ ID NO: 72 ESGWYLFDY 9 heavy chain CDR3 for 11D4 SEQ ID NO: 73 RASQGISSWL A 11 light chain CDR1 for 11D4 SEQ ID NO: 74 AASSLQS 7 light chain CDR2 for 11D4 SEQ ID NO: 75 QQYNSYPPT 9 light chain CDR3 for 11D4

In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist is 18D8, which is a fully human antibody available from Pfizer, Inc. The preparation and properties of 18D8 are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,960,515; 8,236,930; and 9,028,824, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. The amino acid sequences of 18D8 are set forth in Table 15.

In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises a heavy chain given by SEQ ID NO:76 and a light chain given by SEQ ID NO:77. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains having the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:76 and SEQ ID NO:77, respectively, or antigen binding fragments, Fab fragments, single-chain variable fragments (scFv), variants, or conjugates thereof. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:76 and SEQ ID NO:77, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:76 and SEQ ID NO:77, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:76 and SEQ ID NO:77, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:76 and SEQ ID NO:77, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy and light chains that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:76 and SEQ ID NO:77, respectively.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs or variable regions (VRs) of 18D8. In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:78, and the OX40 agonist light chain variable region (V_(L)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:79, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:78 and SEQ ID NO:79, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:78 and SEQ ID NO:79, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:78 and SEQ ID NO:79, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:78 and SEQ ID NO:79, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:78 and SEQ ID NO:79, respectively.

In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:80, SEQ ID NO:81, and SEQ ID NO:82, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:83, SEQ ID NO:84, and SEQ ID NO:85, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is a OX40 agonist biosimilar monoclonal antibody approved by drug regulatory authorities with reference to 18D8. In an embodiment, the biosimilar monoclonal antibody comprises an OX40 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 97% sequence identity, e.g., 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product and which comprises one or more post-translational modifications as compared to the reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is 18D8. In some embodiments, the one or more post-translational modifications are selected from one or more of glycosylation, oxidation, deamidation, and truncation. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is a OX40 agonist antibody authorized or submitted for authorization, wherein the OX40 agonist antibody is provided in a formulation which differs from the formulations of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is 18D8. The OX40 agonist antibody may be authorized by a drug regulatory authority such as the U.S. FDA and/or the European Union's EMA. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is 18D8. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is 18D8.

TABLE 15 Amino acid sequences for OX40 agonist antibodies related to 18D8. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 76 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGRSLRL SCAASGFTFD DYAMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVSG ISWNSGSIGY 60 heavy chain for ADSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNSLY LQMNSLRAED TALYYCAKDQ STADYYFYYG MDVWGQGTTV 120 18D8 TVSSASTKGP SVFPLAPCSR STSESTAALG CLVKDYFPEP VTVSWNSGAL TSGVHTFPAV 180 LQSSGLYSLS SVVTVPSSNF GTQTYTCNVD HKPSNTKVDK TVERKCCVEC PPCPAPPVAG 240 PSVFLFPPKP KDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVS HEDPEVQFNW YVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQFN 300 STFRVVSVLT VVHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKG LPAPIEKTIS KTKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSREE 360 MTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPM LDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRW 420 QQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPGK 450 SEQ ID NO: 77 EIVVTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS SYLAWYQQKP GQAPRLLIYD ASNRATGIPA 60 light chain for RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLEP EDFAVYYCQQ RSNWPTFGQG TKVEIKRTVA APSVFIFPPS 120 18D8 DEQLKSGTAS VVCLLNNFYP REAKVQWKVD NALQSGNSQE SVTEQDSKDS TYSLSSTLTL 180 SKADYEKHKV YACEVTHQGL SSPVTKSFNR GEC 213 SEQ ID NO: 78 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGRSLRL SCAASGFTFD DYAMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVSG ISWNSGSIGY 60 heavy chain ADSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNSLY LQMNSLRAED TALTYCAKDQ STADYYFYYG MDVWGQGTTV 120 variable region TVSS 124 for 18D8 SEQ ID NO: 79 EIVVTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS SYLAWYQQKP GQAPRLLIYD ASNRATGIPA 60 light chain RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLEP EDFAVYYCQQ RSNWPTFGQG YKVEIK 106 variable region for 18D8 SEQ ID NO: 80 DYAMH 5 heavy chain CDR1 for 18D8 SEQ ID NO: 81 GISWNSGSIG YADSVKG 17 heavy chain CDR2 for 18D8 SEQ ID NO: 82 DQSTADYYFY YGMDV 15 heavy chain CDR3 for 18D8 SEQ ID NO: 83 RASQSVSSYL A 11 light chain CDR1 for 18D8 SEQ ID NO: 84 DASNRAT 7 light chain CDR2 for 18D8 SEQ ID NO: 85 QQRSNWPT 8 light chain CDR3 for 18D8

In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist is Hu119-122, which is a humanized antibody available from GlaxoSmithKline plc. The preparation and properties of Hu119-122 are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,006,399 and 9,163,085, and in International Patent Publication No. WO 2012/027328, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. The amino acid sequences of Hu119-122 are set forth in Table 16.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs or variable regions (VRs) of Hu119-122. In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:86, and the OX40 agonist light chain variable region (V_(L)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:87, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:86 and SEQ ID NO:87, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:86 and SEQ ID NO:87, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:86 and SEQ ID NO:87, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:86 and SEQ ID NO:87, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:86 and SEQ ID NO:87, respectively.

In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:88, SEQ ID NO:89, and SEQ ID NO:90, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:91, SEQ ID NO:92, and SEQ ID NO:93, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is a OX40 agonist biosimilar monoclonal antibody approved by drug regulatory authorities with reference to Hu119-122. In an embodiment, the biosimilar monoclonal antibody comprises an OX40 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 97% sequence identity, e.g., 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product and which comprises one or more post-translational modifications as compared to the reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is Hu119-122. In some embodiments, the one or more post-translational modifications are selected from one or more of: glycosylation, oxidation, deamidation, and truncation. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is a OX40 agonist antibody authorized or submitted for authorization, wherein the OX40 agonist antibody is provided in a formulation which differs from the formulations of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is Hu119-122. The OX40 agonist antibody may be authorized by a drug regulatory authority such as the U.S. FDA and/or the European Union's EMA. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is Hu119-122. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is Hu119-122.

TABLE 16 Amino acid sequences for OX40 agonist antibodies related to Hu119-122. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 86 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASEYEFP SHDMSWVRQA PGKGLELVAA INSDGGSTYY 60 heavy chain PDTMERRFTI SRDNAKNSLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARHY DDYYAWFAYW GQGTMVTVSS 120 variable region for Hu119-122 SEQ ID NO: 87 EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASKSVS TSGYSYMHWY QQKPGQAPRL LIYLASNLES 60 light chain GVPARFSGSG SGTDFTLTIS SLEPEDFAVY YCQHSRELPL TFGGGTKVEI K 111 variable region for Hu119-122 SEQ ID NO: 88 SHDMS 5 heavy chain CDR1 for Hu119-122 SEQ ID NO: 89 AINSDGGSTY YPDTMER 17 heavy chain CDR2 for Hu119-122 SEQ ID NO: 90 HYDDYYAWFA Y 11 heavy chain CDR3 for Hu119-122 SEQ ID NO: 91 RASKSVSTSG YSYMH 15 light chain CDR1 for Hu119-122 SEQ ID NO: 92 LASNLES 7 light chain CDR2 for Hu119-122 SEQ ID NO: 93 QHSRELPLT 9 light chain CDR3 for Hu119-122

In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist is Hu106-222, which is a humanized antibody available from GlaxoSmithKline PLC. The preparation and properties of Hu106-222 are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,006,399 and 9,163,085, and in International Patent Publication No. WO 2012/027328, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. The amino acid sequences of Hu106-222 are set forth in Table 17.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs or variable regions (VRs) of Hu106-222. In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:94, and the OX40 agonist light chain variable region (V_(L)) comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:95, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 99% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:94 and SEQ ID NO:95, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 98% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:94 and SEQ ID NO:95, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 97% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:94 and SEQ ID NO:95, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 96% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:94 and SEQ ID NO:95, respectively. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:94 and SEQ ID NO:95, respectively.

In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist comprises heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:96, SEQ ID NO:97, and SEQ ID NO:98, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:99, SEQ ID NO:100, and SEQ ID NO:101, respectively, and conservative amino acid substitutions thereof.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is a OX40 agonist biosimilar monoclonal antibody approved by drug regulatory authorities with reference to Hu106-222. In an embodiment, the biosimilar monoclonal antibody comprises an OX40 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 97% sequence identity, e.g., 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product and which comprises one or more post-translational modifications as compared to the reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is Hu106-222. In some embodiments, the one or more post-translational modifications are selected from one or more of: glycosylation, oxidation, deamidation, and truncation. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is a OX40 agonist antibody authorized or submitted for authorization, wherein the OX40 agonist antibody is provided in a formulation which differs from the formulations of a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is Hu106-222. The OX40 agonist antibody may be authorized by a drug regulatory authority such as the U.S. FDA and/or the European Union's EMA. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is Hu106-222. In some embodiments, the biosimilar is provided as a composition which further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the one or more excipients are the same or different to the excipients comprised in a reference medicinal product or reference biological product, wherein the reference medicinal product or reference biological product is Hu106-222.

TABLE 17 Amino acid sequences for OX40 agonist antibodies related to Hu106-222. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 94 QVQLVQSGSE LKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT DYSMHWVRQA PGQGLKWMGW INTETGEPTY 60 heavy chain ADDFKGRFVF SLDTSVSTAY LQISSLKAED TAVYYCANPY YDYVSYYAMD YWGQGTTVTV 120 variable region SS 122 for Hu106-222 SEQ ID NO: 95 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCKASQDVS TAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYS ASYLYTGVPS 60 light chain RFSGSGSGTD FTFTISSLQP EDIATYYCQQ HYSTPRTFGQ GTKLEIK 107 variable region for Hu106-222 SEQ ID NO: 96 DYSMH 5 heavy chain CDR1 for Hu106-222 SEQ ID NO: 97 WINTETGEPT YADDFKG 17 heavy chain CDR2 for Hu106-222 SEQ ID NO: 98 PYYDYVSYYA MDY 13 heavy chain CDR3 for Hu106-222 SEQ ID NO: 99 KASQDVSTAV A 11 light chain CDR1 for Hu106-222 SEQ ID NO: 100 SASYLYT 7 light chain CDR2 for Hu106-222 SEQ ID NO: 101 QQHYSTPRT 9 light chain CDR3 for Hu106-222

In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist antibody is MEDI6469 (also referred to as 9B12). MEDI6469 is a murine monoclonal antibody. Weinberg, et al., J. Immunother. 2006, 29, 575-585. In some embodiments the OX40 agonist is an antibody produced by the 9B12 hybridoma, deposited with Biovest Inc. (Malvern, Mass., USA), as described in Weinberg, et al., J. Immunother. 2006, 29, 575-585, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the CDR sequences of MEDI6469. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region sequence and/or a light chain variable region sequence of MEDI6469.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is L106 BD (Pharmingen Product #340420). In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist comprises the CDRs of antibody L106 (BD Pharmingen Product #340420). In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist comprises a heavy chain variable region sequence and/or a light chain variable region sequence of antibody L106 (BD Pharmingen Product #340420). In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is ACT35 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Catalog #20073). In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist comprises the CDRs of antibody ACT35 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Catalog #20073). In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist comprises a heavy chain variable region sequence and/or a light chain variable region sequence of antibody ACT35 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Catalog #20073). In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is the murine monoclonal antibody anti-mCD134/mOX40 (clone OX86), commercially available from InVivoMAb, BioXcell Inc, West Lebanon, N.H.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is selected from the OX40 agonists described in International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 95/12673, WO 95/21925, WO 2006/121810, WO 2012/027328, WO 2013/028231, WO 2013/038191, and WO 2014/148895; European Patent Application EP 0672141; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2010/136030, US 2014/377284, US 2015/190506, and US 2015/132288 (including clones 20E5 and 12H3); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,504,101, 7,550,140, 7,622,444, 7,696,175, 7,960,515, 7,961,515, 8,133,983, 9,006,399, and 9,163,085, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes and in particular for all teachings related to OX40 agonists and their use.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is an OX40 agonistic fusion protein as depicted in Structure I-A (C-terminal Fc-antibody fragment fusion protein) or Structure I-B (N-terminal Fc-antibody fragment fusion protein), or a fragment, derivative, conjugate, variant, or biosimilar thereof. The properties of structures I-A and I-B are described above and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,359,420, 9,340,599, 8,921,519, and 8,450,460, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. Amino acid sequences for the polypeptide domains of structure I-A are given in Table 9. The Fc domain preferably comprises a complete constant domain (amino acids 17-230 of SEQ ID NO:31) the complete hinge domain (amino acids 1-16 of SEQ ID NO:31) or a portion of the hinge domain (e.g., amino acids 4-16 of SEQ ID NO:31). Preferred linkers for connecting a C-terminal Fc-antibody may be selected from the embodiments given in SEQ ID NO:32 to SEQ ID NO:41, including linkers suitable for fusion of additional polypeptides. Likewise, amino acid sequences for the polypeptide domains of structure I-B are given in Table 10. If an Fc antibody fragment is fused to the N-terminus of an TNRFSF fusion protein as in structure I-B, the sequence of the Fc module is preferably that shown in SEQ ID NO:42, and the linker sequences are preferably selected from those embodiments set forth in SEQ ID NO:43 to SEQ ID NO:45.

In an embodiment, an OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains selected from the group consisting of a variable heavy chain and variable light chain of tavolixizumab, a variable heavy chain and variable light chain of 11D4, a variable heavy chain and variable light chain of 18D8, a variable heavy chain and variable light chain of Hu119-122, a variable heavy chain and variable light chain of Hu106-222, a variable heavy chain and variable light chain selected from the variable heavy chains and variable light chains described in Table 17, any combination of a variable heavy chain and variable light chain of the foregoing, and fragments, derivatives, conjugates, variants, and biosimilars thereof.

In an embodiment, an OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains comprising an OX40L sequence. In an embodiment, an OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains comprising a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 102. In an embodiment, an OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains comprising a soluble OX40L sequence. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains comprising a sequence according to SEQ ID NO:103. In an embodiment, a OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains comprising a sequence according to SEQ ID NO:104.

In an embodiment, an OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains that is a scFv domain comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:58 and SEQ ID NO:59, respectively, wherein the V_(H) and V_(L) domains are connected by a linker. In an embodiment, an OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains that is a scFv domain comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:68 and SEQ ID NO:69, respectively, wherein the V_(H) and V_(L) domains are connected by a linker. In an embodiment, an OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains that is a scFv domain comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:78 and SEQ ID NO:79, respectively, wherein the V_(H) and V_(L) domains are connected by a linker. In an embodiment, an OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains that is a scFv domain comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:86 and SEQ ID NO:87, respectively, wherein the V_(H) and V_(L) domains are connected by a linker. In an embodiment, an OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains that is a scFv domain comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:94 and SEQ ID NO:95, respectively, wherein the V_(H) and V_(L) domains are connected by a linker. In an embodiment, an OX40 agonist fusion protein according to structures I-A or I-B comprises one or more OX40 binding domains that is a scFv domain comprising V_(H) and V_(L) regions that are each at least 95% identical to the V_(H) and V_(L) sequences given in Table 18, wherein the V_(H) and V_(L) domains are connected by a linker.

TABLE 18 Additional polypeptide domains useful as OX40 binding domains in fusion proteins (e.g., structures I-A and I-B) or as scFv OX40 agonist antibodies. Identifier Sequence (One-Letter Amino Acid Symbols) SEQ ID NO: 102 MFRVQPLEEN VGNAARPRFE RNKLLLVASV IQGLGLLLCF TYICLHFSAL QVSHRYPRIQ 60 OX40L SIKVQFTEYK KEKGFILTSQ KEDEIMKVQN NSVIINCDGF YLISLKGYFS QEVNISLHYQ 120 KDEEPLFQLK KVRSVNSLMV ASLTYKDKVY LNVTTDNTSL DDFHVNGGEL ILIHQNPGEF 180 CVL 183 SEQ ID NO: 103 SHRYPRIQSI KVQFTEYKKE KGFILTSQKE DEIMKVQNNS VIINCDGFYL ISLKGYFSQE 60 OX40L soluble VNISLHYQKD EEPLFQLKKV RSVNSLMVAS LTYKDKVYLN VTTDNTSLDD FHVNGGELIL 120 domain IHQNPGEFCV L 131 SEQ ID NO: 104 YPRIQSIKVQ FTEYKKEKGF ILTSQKEDEI MKVQNNSVII NCDGFYLISL KGYFSQEVNI 60 OX40L soluble SLHYQKDEEP LFQLKKVRSV NSLMVASLTY KDKVYLNVTT DNTSLDDFHV NGGELILIHQ 120 domain NPGEFCVL 128 (alternative) SEQ ID NO: 105 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS NYTMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVSA ISGSGGSTYY 60 variable heavy ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCAKDR YSQVHYALDY WGQGTLVTVS 120 chain for 008 SEQ ID NO: 106 DIVMTQSPDS LPVTPGEPAS ISCRSSQSLL HSNGYNYLDW YLQKAGQSPQ LLIYLGSNRA 60 variable light SGVPDRFSGS GSGTDFTLKI SRVEAEDVGV YYCQQYYNHP TTFGQGTK 108 chain for 008 SEQ ID NO: 107 EVQLVESGGG VVQPGRSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYTMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVSS ISGGSTYYAD 60 variable heavy SRKGRFTISR DNSKNTLYLQ MNNLRAEDTA VYYCARDRYF RQQNAFDYWG QGTLVTVSSA 120 chain for 011 SEQ ID NO: 108 DIVMTQSPDS LPVTPGEPAS ISCRSSQSLL HSNGYNYLDW YLQKAGQSPQ LLIYLGSNRA 60 variable light SGVPDRFSGS GSGTDFTLKI SRVEAEDVGV YYCQQYYNHP TTFGQGTK 108 chain for 011 SEQ ID NO: 109 EVQLVESGGG LVQPRGSLRL SCAASGFTFS SYAMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVAV ISYDGSNKYY 60 variable heavy ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCAKDR YITLPNALDY WGQGTLVTVS 120 chain for 021 SEQ ID NO: 110 DIQMTQSPVS LPVTPGEPAS ISCRSSQSLL HSNGYNYLDW YLQKPGQSPQ LLIYLGSNRA 60 variable light SGVPDRFSGS GSGTDFTLKI SRVEAEDVGV YYCQQYKSNP PTFGQGTK 108 chain for 021 SEQ ID NO: 111 EVQLVESGGG LVHPGGSLRL SCAGSGFTFS SYAMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVSA IGTGGGTYYA 60 variable heavy DSVMGRFTIS RDNSKNTLYL QMNSLRAEDT AVYYCARYDN VMGLYWFDYW GQGTLVTVSS 120 chain for 023 SEQ ID NO: 112 EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS SYLAWYQQKP GQAPRLLIYD ASNRATGIPA 60 variable light RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLEP EDFAVYYCQQ RSNWPPAFGG GTKVEIKR 108 chain for 023 SEQ ID NO: 113 EVQLQQSGPE LVKPGASVKM SCKASGYTFT SYVMHWVKQK PGQGLEWIGY INPYNDGTKY 60 heavy chain NEKFKGKATL TSDKSSSTAY MELSSLTSED SAVYYCANYY GSSLSMDYWG QGTSVTVSS 119 variable region SEQ ID NO: 114 DIQMTQTTSS LSASLGDRVT ISCRASQDIS NYLNWYQQKP DGTVKLLIYY TSRLHSGVPS 60 light chain RFSGSGSGTD YSLTISNLEQ EDIATYFCQQ GNTLPWTFGG GTKLEIKR 108 variable region SEQ ID NO: 115 EVQLQQSGPE LVKPGASVKI SCKTSGYTFK DYTMHWVKQS HGKSLEWIGG IYPNNGGSTY 60 heavy chain NQNFKDKATL TVDKSSSTAY MEFRSLTSED SAVYYCARMG YHGPHLDFDV WGAGTTVTVS 120 variable region P 121 SEQ ID NO: 116 DIVMTQSHKF MSTSLGDRVS ITCKASQDVG AAVAWYQQKP GQSPKLLIYW ASTRHTGVPD 60 light chain RFTGGGSGTD FTLTISNVQS EDLTDYFCQQ YINYPLTFGG GTKLEIKR 108 variable region SEQ ID NO: 117 QIQLVQSGPE LKKPGETVKI SCKASGYTFT DYSMHWVKQA PGKGLKWMGW INTETGEPTY 60 heavy chain ADDFKGRFAF SLETSASTAY LQINNLKNED TATYFCANPY YDYVSYYAMD YWGHGTSVTV 120 variable region SS 122 of humanized antibody SEQ ID NO: 118 QVQLVQSGSE LKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT DYSMHWVRQA PGQGLKWMGW INTETGEPTY 60 heavy chain ADDFKGRFVF SLDTSVSTAY LQISSLKAED TAVYYCANPY YDYVSYYAMD YWGQGTTVTV 120 variable region SS 122 of humanized antibody SEQ ID NO: 119 DIVMTQSHKF MSTSVRDRVS ITCKASQDVS TAVAWYQQKP GQSPKLLIYS ASYLYTGVPD 60 light chain RFTGSGSGTD FTFTISSVQA EDLAVYYCQQ HYSTPRTFGG GTKLEIK 107 variable region of humanized antibody SEQ ID NO: 120 DIVMTQSHKF MSTSVRDRVS ITCKASQDVS TAVAWYQQKP GQSPKLLIYS ASYLYTGVPD 60 light chain RFTGSGSGTD FTFTISSVQA EDLAVYYCQQ HYSTPRTFGG GTKLEIK 107 variable region of humanized antibody SEQ ID NO: 121 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGESLKL SCESNEYEFP SHDMSWVRKT PEKRLELVAA INSDGGSTYY 60 heavy chain PDTMERRFII SRDNTKKTLY LQMSSLRSED TALYYCARHY DDYYAWFAYW GQGTLVTVSA 120 variable region of humanized antibody SEQ ID NO: 122 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASEYEFP SHDMSWVRQA PGKGLELVAA INSDGGSTYY 60 heavy chain PDTMERRFTI SRDNAKNSLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARHY DDYYAWFAYW GQGTMVTVSS 120 variable region of humanized antibody SEQ ID NO: 123 DIVLTQSPAS LAVSLGQRAT ISCRASKSVS TSGYSYMHWY QQKPGQPPKL LIYLASNLES 60 light chain GVPARFSGSG SGTDFTLNIH PVEEEDAATY YCQHSRELPL TFGAGTKLEL K 111 variable region of humanized antibody SEQ ID NO: 124 EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASKSVS TSGYSYMHWY QQKPGQAPRL LIYLASNLES 60 light chain GVPARFSGSG SGTDFTLTIS SLEPEDFAVY YCQHSRELPL TFGGGTKVEI K 111 variable region of humanized antibody SEQ ID NO: 125 MYLGLNYVFI VFLLNGVQSE VKLEESGGGL VQPGGSMKLS CAASGFTFSD AWMDWVRQSP 60 heavy chain EKGLEWVAEI RSKANNHATY YAESVNGRFT ISRDDSKSSV YLQMNSLRAE DTGIYYCTWG 120 variable region EVFYFDYWGQ GTTLTVSS 138 SEQ ID NO: 126 MRPSIQFLGL LLFWLHGAQC DIQMTQSPSS LSASLGGKVT ITCKSSQDIN KYIAWYQHKP 60 light chain GKGPRLLIHY TSTLQPGIPS RFSGSGSGRD YSFSISNLEP EDIATYYCLQ YDNLLTFGAG 120 variable region TKLELK 126

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is a OX40 agonistic single-chain fusion polypeptide comprising (i) a first soluble OX40 binding domain, (ii) a first peptide linker, (iii) a second soluble OX40 binding domain, (iv) a second peptide linker, and (v) a third soluble OX40 binding domain, further comprising an additional domain at the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end, and wherein the additional domain is a Fab or Fc fragment domain. In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is a OX40 agonistic single-chain fusion polypeptide comprising (i) a first soluble OX40 binding domain, (ii) a first peptide linker, (iii) a second soluble OX40 binding domain, (iv) a second peptide linker, and (v) a third soluble OX40 binding domain, further comprising an additional domain at the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end, wherein the additional domain is a Fab or Fc fragment domain wherein each of the soluble OX40 binding domains lacks a stalk region (which contributes to trimerisation and provides a certain distance to the cell membrane, but is not part of the OX40 binding domain) and the first and the second peptide linkers independently have a length of 3-8 amino acids.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is an OX40 agonistic single-chain fusion polypeptide comprising (i) a first soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily cytokine domain, (ii) a first peptide linker, (iii) a second soluble TNF superfamily cytokine domain, (iv) a second peptide linker, and (v) a third soluble TNF superfamily cytokine domain, wherein each of the soluble TNF superfamily cytokine domains lacks a stalk region and the first and the second peptide linkers independently have a length of 3-8 amino acids, and wherein the TNF superfamily cytokine domain is an OX40 binding domain.

In some embodiments, the OX40 agonist is MEDI6383. MEDI6383 is an OX40 agonistic fusion protein and can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,700, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is an OX40 agonistic scFv antibody comprising any of the foregoing V_(H) domains linked to any of the foregoing V_(L) domains.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is Creative Biolabs OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody MOM-18455, commercially available from Creative Biolabs, Inc., Shirley, N.Y., USA.

In an embodiment, the OX40 agonist is OX40 agonistic antibody clone Ber-ACT35 commercially available from BioLegend, Inc., San Diego, Calif., USA.

Optional Cell Viability Analyses

Optionally, a cell viability assay can be performed after the first expansion (sometimes referred to as the initial bulk expansion), using standard assays known in the art. For example, a trypan blue exclusion assay can be done on a sample of the bulk TILs, which selectively labels dead cells and allows a viability assessment. Other assays for use in testing viability can include but are not limited to the Alamar blue assay; and the MTT assay.

1. Cell Counts, Viability, Flow Cytometry

In some embodiments, cell counts and/or viability are measured. The expression of markers such as but not limited CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD56, as well as any other disclosed or described herein, can be measured by flow cytometry with antibodies, for example but not limited to those commercially available from BD Bio-sciences (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.) using a FACSCanto™ flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). The cells can be counted manually using a disposable c-chip hemocytometer (VWR, Batavia, Ill.) and viability can be assessed using any method known in the art, including but not limited to trypan blue staining. The cell viability can also be assayed based on U.S. Ser. No. 15/863,634, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In some cases, the bulk TIL population can be cryopreserved immediately, using the protocols discussed below. Alternatively, the bulk TIL population can be subjected to REP and then cryopreserved as discussed below. Similarly, in the case where genetically modified TILs will be used in therapy, the bulk or REP TIL populations can be subjected to genetic modifications for suitable treatments.

According to the present disclosure, a method for assaying TILs for viability and/or further use in administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the method for assay tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprises:

-   -   (i) obtaining a first population of TILs;     -   (ii) performing a first expansion by culturing the first         population of TILs in a cell culture medium comprising IL-2, and         optionally OKT-3, to produce a second population of TILs; and     -   (iii) performing a second expansion by supplementing the cell         culture medium of the second population of TILs with additional         IL-2, OKT-3, and antigen presenting cells (APCs), to produce a         third population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs         is at least 50-fold greater in number than the second population         of TILs;     -   (iv) harvesting, washing, and cryopreserving the third         population of TILs;     -   (v) storing the cryopreserved TILs at a cryogenic temperature;     -   (vi) thawing the third population of TILs to provide a thawed         third population of TILs; and     -   (vii) performing an additional second expansion of a portion of         the thawed third population of TILs by supplementing the cell         culture medium of the third population with IL-2, OKT-3, and         APCs for an additional expansion period (sometimes referred to         as a reREP period) of at least 3 days, wherein the third         expansion is performed to obtain a fourth population of TILs,         wherein the number of TILs in the fourth population of TILs is         compared to the number of TILs in the third population of TILs         to obtain a ratio;     -   (viii) determining based on the ratio in step (vii) whether the         thawed population of TILs is suitable for administration to a         patient;     -   (ix) administering a therapeutically effective dosage of the         thawed third population of TILs to the patient when the ratio of         the number of TILs in the fourth population of TILs to the         number of TILs in the third population of TILs is determined to         be greater than 5:1 in step (viii).

In some embodiments, the TILs are assayed for viability after step (vii).

The present disclosure also provides further methods for assaying TILs. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for assaying TILs comprising:

-   -   (i) obtaining a portion of a first population of cryopreserved         TILs;     -   (ii) thawing the portion of the first population of         cryopreserved TILs;     -   (iii) performing a first expansion by culturing the portion of         the first population of TILs in a cell culture medium comprising         IL-2, OKT-3, and antigen presenting cells (APCs) for an         additional expansion period (sometimes referred to as a reREP         period) of at least 3 days, to produce a second population of         TILs, wherein the portion from the first population of TILs is         compared to the second population of TILs to obtain a ratio of         the number of TILs, wherein the ratio of the number of TILs in         the second population of TILs to the number of TILs in the         portion of the first population of TILs is greater than 5:1;     -   (iv) determining based on the ratio in step (iii) whether the         first population of TILs is suitable for use in therapeutic         administration to a patient;     -   (v) determining the first population of TILs is suitable for use         in therapeutic administration when the ratio of the number of         TILs in the second population of TILs to the number of TILs in         the first population of TILs is determined to be greater than         5:1 in step (iv).

In some embodiments, the ratio of the number of TILs in the second population of TILs to the number of TILs in the portion of the first population of TILs is greater than 50:1.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises performing expansion of the entire first population of cryopreserved TILs from step (i) according to the methods as described in any of the embodiments provided herein.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering the entire first population of cryopreserved TILs from step (i) to the patient.

2. Cell Cultures

In an embodiment, a method for expanding TILs, including those discussed above as well as exemplified in FIG. 18, may include using about 5,000 mL to about 25,000 mL of cell medium, about 5,000 mL to about 10,000 mL of cell medium, or about 5,800 mL to about 8,700 mL of cell medium. In some embodiments, the media is a serum free medium. In some embodiments, the media in the first expansion is serum free. In some embodiments, the media in the second expansion is serum free. In some embodiments, the media in the first expansion and the second are both serum free. In an embodiment, expanding the number of TILs uses no more than one type of cell culture medium. Any suitable cell culture medium may be used, e.g., AIM-V cell medium (L-glutamine, 50 μM streptomycin sulfate, and 10 μM gentamicin sulfate) cell culture medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.). In this regard, the inventive methods advantageously reduce the amount of medium and the number of types of medium required to expand the number of TIL. In an embodiment, expanding the number of TIL may comprise feeding the cells no more frequently than every third or fourth day. Expanding the number of cells in a gas permeable container simplifies the procedures necessary to expand the number of cells by reducing the feeding frequency necessary to expand the cells.

In an embodiment, the cell medium in the first and/or second gas permeable container is unfiltered. The use of unfiltered cell medium may simplify the procedures necessary to expand the number of cells. In an embodiment, the cell medium in the first and/or second gas permeable container lacks beta-mercaptoethanol (BME).

In an embodiment, the duration of the method comprising obtaining a tumor tissue sample from the mammal; culturing the tumor tissue sample in a first gas permeable container containing cell medium therein; obtaining TILs from the tumor tissue sample; expanding the number of TILs in a second gas permeable container containing cell medium for a duration of about 7 to 14 days, e.g., about 11 days. In some embodiments pre-REP is about 7 to 14 days, e.g., about 11 days. In some embodiments, REP is about 7 to 14 days, e.g., about 11 days.

In an embodiment, TILs are expanded in gas-permeable containers. Gas-permeable containers have been used to expand TILs using PBMCs using methods, compositions, and devices known in the art, including those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0106717 A1, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. In an embodiment, TILs are expanded in gas-permeable bags. In an embodiment, TILs are expanded using a cell expansion system that expands TILs in gas permeable bags, such as the Xuri Cell Expansion System W25 (GE Healthcare). In an embodiment, TILs are expanded using a cell expansion system that expands TILs in gas permeable bags, such as the WAVE Bioreactor System, also known as the Xuri Cell Expansion System W5 (GE Healthcare). In an embodiment, the cell expansion system includes a gas permeable cell bag with a volume selected from the group consisting of about 100 mL, about 200 mL, about 300 mL, about 400 mL, about 500 mL, about 600 mL, about 700 mL, about 800 mL, about 900 mL, about 1 L, about 2 L, about 3 L, about 4 L, about 5 L, about 6 L, about 7 L, about 8 L, about 9 L, and about 10 L.

In an embodiment, TILs can be expanded in G-Rex flasks (commercially available from Wilson Wolf Manufacturing). Such embodiments allow for cell populations to expand from about 5×10⁵ cells/cm² to between 10×10⁶ and 30×10⁶ cells/cm². In an embodiment this is without feeding. In an embodiment, this is without feeding so long as medium resides at a height of about 10 cm in the G-Rex flask. In an embodiment this is without feeding but with the addition of one or more cytokines. In an embodiment, the cytokine can be added as a bolus without any need to mix the cytokine with the medium. Such containers, devices, and methods are known in the art and have been used to expand TILs, and include those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2014/0377739A1, International Publication No. WO 2014/210036 A1, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. us 2013/0115617 A1, International Publication No. WO 2013/188427 A1, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2011/0136228 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 8,809,050 B2, International publication No. WO 2011/072088 A2, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2016/0208216 A1, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2012/0244133 A1, International Publication No. WO 2012/129201 A1, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2013/0102075 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 8,956,860 B2, International Publication No. WO 2013/173835 A1, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2015/0175966 A1, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Such processes are also described in Jin et al., J. Immunotherapy, 2012, 35:283-292.

Optional Genetic Engineering of TILs

In some embodiments, the TILs are optionally genetically engineered to include additional functionalities, including, but not limited to, a high-affinity T cell receptor (TCR), e.g., a TCR targeted at a tumor-associated antigen such as MAGE-1, HER2, or NY-ESO-1, or a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) which binds to a tumor-associated cell surface molecule (e.g., mesothelin) or lineage-restricted cell surface molecule (e.g., CD19).

Optional Cryopreservation of TILs

As discussed above, and exemplified in Steps A through E as provided in FIG. 18, cryopreservation can occur at numerous points throughout the TIL expansion process. In some embodiments, the expanded population of TILs after the second expansion (as provided for example, according to Step D of FIG. 18) can be cryopreserved. Cryopreservation can be generally accomplished by placing the TIL population into a freezing solution, e.g., 85% complement inactivated AB serum and 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The cells in solution are placed into cryogenic vials and stored for 24 hours at −80° C., with optional transfer to gaseous nitrogen freezers for cryopreservation. See Sadeghi, et al., Acta Oncologica 2013, 52, 978-986. In some embodiments, the TILs are cryopreserved in 5% DMSO. In some embodiments, the TILs are cryopreserved in cell culture media plus 5% DMSO. In some embodiments, the TILs are cryopreserved according to the methods provided in Example 10.

When appropriate, the cells are removed from the freezer and thawed in a 37° C. water bath until approximately ⅘ of the solution is thawed. The cells are generally resuspended in complete media and optionally washed one or more times. In some embodiments, the thawed TILs can be counted and assessed for viability as is known in the art.

Closed Systems for TIL Manufacturing

The present invention provides for the use of closed systems during the TIL culturing process. Such closed systems allow for preventing and/or reducing microbial contamination, allow for the use of fewer flasks, and allow for cost reductions. In some embodiments, the closed system uses two containers.

Such closed systems are well-known in the art and can be found, for example, at http://www.fda.gov/cber/guidelines.htm and https.//www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Blood/ucm076779.htm.

Sterile connecting devices (STCDs) produce sterile welds between two pieces of compatible tubing. This procedure permits sterile connection of a variety of containers and tube diameters. In some embodiments, the closed systems include luer lock and heat sealed systems. In some embodiments, the closed system is accessed via syringes under sterile conditions in order to maintain the sterility and closed nature of the system. In some embodiments, a closed system as described in the Examples is employed. In some embodiments, the TILs are formulated into a final product formulation container according to the method described in the Examples.

In some embodiments, the closed system uses one container from the time the tumor fragments are obtained until the TILs are ready for administration to the patient or cryopreserving. In some embodiments when two containers are used, the first container is a closed G-container and the population of TILs is centrifuged and transferred to an infusion bag without opening the first closed G-container. In some embodiments, when two containers are used, the infusion bag is a HypoThermosol-containing infusion bag. A closed system or closed TIL cell culture system is characterized in that once the tumor sample and/or tumor fragments have been added, the system is tightly sealed from the outside to form a closed environment free from the invasion of bacteria, fungi, and/or any other microbial contamination.

In some embodiments, the reduction in microbial contamination is between about 5% and about 100%. In some embodiments, the reduction in microbial contamination is between about 5% and about 95%. In some embodiments, the reduction in microbial contamination is between about 5% and about 90%. In some embodiments, the reduction in microbial contamination is between about 10% and about 90%. In some embodiments, the reduction in microbial contamination is between about 15% and about 85%. In some embodiments, the reduction in microbial contamination is about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%.

The closed system allows for TIL growth in the absence and/or with a significant reduction in microbial contamination.

Moreover, pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure and oxygen partial pressure of the TIL cell culture environment each vary as the cells are cultured. Consequently, even though a medium appropriate for cell culture is circulated, the closed environment still needs to be constantly maintained as an optimal environment for TIL proliferation. To this end, it is desirable that the physical factors of pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure and oxygen partial pressure within the culture liquid of the closed environment be monitored by means of a sensor, the signal whereof is used to control a gas exchanger installed at the inlet of the culture environment, and the that gas partial pressure of the closed environment be adjusted in real time according to changes in the culture liquid so as to optimize the cell culture environment. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a closed cell culture system which incorporates at the inlet to the closed environment a gas exchanger equipped with a monitoring device which measures the pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure and oxygen partial pressure of the closed environment, and optimizes the cell culture environment by automatically adjusting gas concentrations based on signals from the monitoring device.

In some embodiments, the pressure within the closed environment is continuously or intermittently controlled. That is, the pressure in the closed environment can be varied by means of a pressure maintenance device for example, thus ensuring that the space is suitable for growth of TILs in a positive pressure state, or promoting exudation of fluid in a negative pressure state and thus promoting cell proliferation. By applying negative pressure intermittently, moreover, it is possible to uniformly and efficiently replace the circulating liquid in the closed environment by means of a temporary shrinkage in the volume of the closed environment.

In some embodiments, optimal culture components for proliferation of the TILs can be substituted or added, and including factors such as IL-2 and/or OKT3, as well as combination, can be added.

Optional Cryopreservation of TILs

Either the bulk TIL population or the expanded population of TILs can be optionally cryopreserved. In some embodiments, cryopreservation occurs on the therapeutic TIL population. In some embodiments, cryopreservation occurs on the TILs harvested after the second expansion. In some embodiments, cryopreservation occurs on the TILs in exemplary Step F of FIG. 18. In some embodiments, the TILs are cryopreserved in the infusion bag. In some embodiments, the TILs are cryopreserved prior to placement in an infusion bag. In some embodiments, the TILs are cryopreserved and not placed in an infusion bag. In some embodiments, cryopreservation is performed using a cryopreservation medium. In some embodiments, the cryopreservation media contains dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). This is generally accomplished by putting the TIL population into a freezing solution, e.g. 85% complement inactivated AB serum and 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The cells in solution are placed into cryogenic vials and stored for 24 hours at −80° C., with optional transfer to gaseous nitrogen freezers for cryopreservation. See, Sadeghi, et al., Acta Oncologica 2013, 52, 978-986.

When appropriate, the cells are removed from the freezer and thawed in a 37° C. water bath until approximately ⅘ of the solution is thawed. The cells are generally resuspended in complete media and optionally washed one or more times. In some embodiments, the thawed TILs can be counted and assessed for viability as is known in the art.

In a preferred embodiment, a population of TILs is cryopreserved using CS10 cryopreservation media (CryoStor 10, BioLife Solutions). In a preferred embodiment, a population of TILs is cryopreserved using a cryopreservation media containing dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). In a preferred embodiment, a population of TILs is cryopreserved using a 1:1 (vol:vol) ratio of CS10 and cell culture media. In a preferred embodiment, a population of TILs is cryopreserved using about a 1:1 (vol:vol) ratio of CS10 and cell culture media, further comprising additional IL-2.

As discussed above in Steps A through E, cryopreservation can occur at numerous points throughout the TIL expansion process. In some embodiments, the bulk TIL population after the first expansion according to Step B or the expanded population of TILs after the one or more second expansions according to Step D can be cryopreserved. Cryopreservation can be generally accomplished by placing the TIL population into a freezing solution, e.g., 85% complement inactivated AB serum and 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The cells in solution are placed into cryogenic vials and stored for 24 hours at −80° C., with optional transfer to gaseous nitrogen freezers for cryopreservation. See Sadeghi, et al., Acta Oncologica 2013, 52, 978-986.

When appropriate, the cells are removed from the freezer and thawed in a 37° C. water bath until approximately ⅘ of the solution is thawed. The cells are generally resuspended in complete media and optionally washed one or more times. In some embodiments, the thawed TILs can be counted and assessed for viability as is known in the art.

In some cases, the Step B TIL population can be cryopreserved immediately, using the protocols discussed below. Alternatively, the bulk TIL population can be subjected to Step C and Step D and then cryopreserved after Step D. Similarly, in the case where genetically modified TILs will be used in therapy, the Step B or Step D TIL populations can be subjected to genetic modifications for suitable treatments.

Pharmaceutical Compositions, Dosages, and Dosing Regimens

In an embodiment, TILs expanded using the methods of the present disclosure are administered to a patient as a pharmaceutical composition. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is a suspension of TILs in a sterile buffer. TILs expanded using PBMCs of the present disclosure may be administered by any suitable route as known in the art. In some embodiments, the T-cells are administered as a single intra-arterial or intravenous infusion, which preferably lasts approximately 30 to 60 minutes. Other suitable routes of administration include intraperitoneal, intrathecal, and intralymphatic administration.

Any suitable dose of TILs can be administered. In some embodiments, from about 2.3×10¹⁰ to about 13.7×10¹⁰ TILs are administered, with an average of around 7.8×10¹⁰ TILs, particularly if the cancer is melanoma. In an embodiment, about 1.2×10¹⁰ to about 4.3×10¹⁰ of TILs are administered. In some embodiments, about 3×10¹⁰ to about 12×10¹⁰ TILs are administered. In some embodiments, about 4×10¹⁰ to about 10×10¹⁰ TILs are administered. In some embodiments, about 5×10¹⁰ to about 8×10¹⁰ TILs are administered. In some embodiments, about 6×10¹⁰ to about 8×10¹⁰ TILs are administered. In some embodiments, about 7×10¹⁰ to about 8×10¹⁰ TILs are administered. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dosage is about 2.3×10¹⁰ to about 13.7×10¹⁰. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dosage is about 7.8×10¹⁰ TILs, particularly of the cancer is melanoma. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dosage is about 1.2×10¹⁰ to about 4.3×10¹⁰ of TILs. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dosage is about 3×10¹⁰ to about 12×10¹⁰ TILs. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dosage is about 4×10¹⁰ to about 10×10¹⁰ TILs. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dosage is about 5×10¹⁰ to about 8×10¹⁰ TILs. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dosage is about 6×10¹⁰ to about 8×10¹⁰ TILs. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dosage is about 7×10¹⁰ to about 8×10¹⁰ TILs.

In some embodiments, the number of the TILs provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is about 1×10⁶, 2×10⁶, 3×10⁶, 4×10⁶, 5×10⁶, 6×10⁶, 7×10⁶, 8×10⁶, 9×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 2×10⁷, 3×10⁷, 4×10⁷, 5×10⁷, 6×10⁷, 7×10⁷, 8×10⁷, 9×10⁷, 1×10⁸, 2×10⁸, 3×10⁸, 4×10⁸, 5×10⁸, 6×10⁸, 7×10⁸, 8×10⁸, 9×10⁸, 1×10⁹, 2×10⁹, 3×10⁹, 4×10⁹, 5×10⁹, 6×10⁹, 7×10⁹, 8×10⁹, 9×10⁹, 1×10¹⁰, 2×10¹⁰, 3×10¹⁰, 4×10¹⁰, 5×10¹⁰, 6×10¹⁰, 7×10¹⁰, 8×10¹⁰, 9×10¹⁰, 1×10¹¹, 2×10¹¹, 3×10¹¹, 4×10¹¹, 5×10¹¹, 6×10¹¹, 7×10¹¹, 8×10¹¹, 9×10¹¹, 1×10¹², 2×10¹², 3×10¹², 4×10¹², 5×10¹², 6×10¹², 7×10¹², 8×10¹², 9×10¹², 1×10¹³, 2×10¹³, 3×10¹³, 4×10¹³, 5×10¹³, 6×10¹³, 7×10¹³, 8×10¹³, and 9×10¹³. In an embodiment, the number of the TILs provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is in the range of 1×10⁶ to 5×10⁶, 5×10⁶ to 1×10⁷, 1×10⁷ to 5×10⁷, 5×10⁷ to 1×10⁸, 1×10⁸ to 5×10⁸, 5×10⁸ to 1×10⁹, 1×10⁹ to 5×10⁹, 5×10⁹ to 1×10¹⁰, 1×10¹⁰ to 5×10¹⁰, 5×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹¹, 5×10¹¹ to 1×10¹², 1×10¹² to 5×10¹², and 5×10¹² to 1×10¹³.

In some embodiments, the concentration of the TILs provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is less than, for example, 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%0, 40%, 30%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.09%, 0.08%, 0.07%, 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.03%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.009%, 0.008%, 0.007%, 0.006%, 0.005%, 0.004%, 0.003%, 0.002%, 0.001%, 0.0009%, 0.0008%, 0.0007%, 0.0006%, 0.0005%, 0.0004%, 0.0003%, 0.0002% or 0.0001% w/w, w/v or v/v of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the concentration of the TILs provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is greater than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 19.75%, 19.50%, 19.25% 19%, 18.75%, 18.50%, 18.25% 18%, 17.75%, 17.50%, 17.25% 17%, 16.75%, 16.50%, 16.25% 16%, 15.75%, 15.50%, 15.25% 15%, 14.75%, 14.50%, 14.25% 14%, 13.75%, 13.50%, 13.25% 13%, 12.75%, 12.50%, 12.25% 12%, 11.75%, 11.50%, 11.25% 11%, 10.75%, 10.50%, 10.25% 10%, 9.75%, 9.50%, 9.25% 9%, 8.75%, 8.50%, 8.25% 8%, 7.75%, 7.50%, 7.25% 7%, 6.75%, 6.50%, 6.25% 6%, 5.75%, 5.50%, 5.25% 5%, 4.75%, 4.50%, 4.25%, 4%, 3.75%, 3.50%, 3.25%, 3%, 2.75%, 2.50%, 2.25%, 2%, 1.75%, 1.50%, 125%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.09%, 0.08%, 0.07%, 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.03%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.009%, 0.008%, 0.007%, 0.006%, 0.005%, 0.004%, 0.003%, 0.002%, 0.001%, 0.0009%, 0.0008%, 0.0007%, 0.0006%, 0.0005%, 0.0004%, 0.0003%, 0.0002% or 0.0001% w/w, w/v, or v/v of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the concentration of the TILs provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is in the range from about 0.0001% to about 50%, about 0.001% to about 40%, about 0.01% to about 30%, about 0.02% to about 29%, about 0.03% to about 28%, about 0.04% to about 27%, about 0.05% to about 26%, about 0.06% to about 25%, about 0.07% to about 24%, about 0.08% to about 23%, about 0.09% to about 22%, about 0.1% to about 21%, about 0.2% to about 20%, about 0.3% to about 19%, about 0.4% to about 18%, about 0.5% to about 17%, about 0.6% to about 16%, about 0.7% to about 15%, about 0.8% to about 14%, about 0.9% to about 12% or about 1% to about 10% w/w, w/v or v/v of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the concentration of the TILs provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is in the range from about 0.001% to about 10%, about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.02% to about 4.5%, about 0.03% to about 4%, about 0.04% to about 3.5%, about 0.05% to about 3%, about 0.06% to about 2.5%, about 0.07% to about 2%, about 0.08% to about 1.5%, about 0.09% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 0.9% w/w, w/v or v/v of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the amount of the TILs provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is equal to or less than 10 g, 9.5 g, 9.0 g, 8.5 g, 8.0 g, 7.5 g, 7.0 g, 6.5 g, 6.0 g, 5.5 g, 5.0 g, 4.5 g, 4.0 g, 3.5 g, 3.0 g, 2.5 g, 2.0 g, 1.5 g, 1.0 g, 0.95 g, 0.9 g, 0.85 g, 0.8 g, 0.75 g, 0.7 g, 0.65 g, 0.6 g, 0.55 g, 0.5 g, 0.45 g, 0.4 g, 0.35 g, 0.3 g, 0.25 g, 0.2 g, 0.15 g, 0.1 g, 0.09 g, 0.08 g, 0.07 g, 0.06 g, 0.05 g, 0.04 g, 0.03 g, 0.02 g, 0.01 g, 0.009 g, 0.008 g, 0.007 g, 0.006 g, 0.005 g, 0.004 g, 0.003 g, 0.002 g, 0.001 g, 0.0009 g, 0.0008 g, 0.0007 g, 0.0006 g, 0.0005 g, 0.0004 g, 0.0003 g, 0.0002 g, or 0.0001 g.

In some embodiments, the amount of the TILs provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is more than 0.0001 g, 0.0002 g, 0.0003 g, 0.0004 g, 0.0005 g, 0.0006 g, 0.0007 g, 0.0008 g, 0.0009 g, 0.001 g, 0.0015 g, 0.002 g, 0.0025 g, 0.003 g, 0.0035 g, 0.004 g, 0.0045 g, 0.005 g, 0.0055 g, 0.006 g, 0.0065 g, 0.007 g, 0.0075 g, 0.008 g, 0.0085 g, 0.009 g, 0.0095 g, 0.01 g, 0.015 g, 0.02 g, 0.025 g, 0.03 g, 0.035 g, 0.04 g, 0.045 g, 0.05 g, 0.055 g, 0.06 g, 0.065 g, 0.07 g, 0.075 g, 0.08 g, 0.085 g, 0.09 g, 0.095 g, 0.1 g, 0.15 g, 0.2 g, 0.25 g, 0.3 g, 0.35 g, 0.4 g, 0.45 g, 0.5 g, 0.55 g, 0.6 g, 0.65 g, 0.7 g, 0.75 g, 0.8 g, 0.85 g, 0.9 g, 0.95 g, 1 g, 1.5 g, 2 g, 2.5, 3 g, 3.5, 4 g, 4.5 g, 5 g, 5.5 g, 6 g, 6.5 g, 7 g, 7.5 g, 8 g, 8.5 g, 9 g, 9.5 g, or 10 g.

The TILs provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are effective over a wide dosage range. The exact dosage will depend upon the route of administration, the form in which the compound is administered, the gender and age of the subject to be treated, the body weight of the subject to be treated, and the preference and experience of the attending physician. The clinically-established dosages of the TILs may also be used if appropriate. The amounts of the pharmaceutical compositions administered using the methods herein, such as the dosages of TILs, will be dependent on the human or mammal being treated, the severity of the disorder or condition, the rate of administration, the disposition of the active pharmaceutical ingredients and the discretion of the prescribing physician.

In some embodiments, TILs may be administered in a single dose. Such administration may be by injection, e.g., intravenous injection. In some embodiments, TILs may be administered in multiple doses. Dosing may be once, twice, three times, four times, five times, six times, or more than six times per year. Dosing may be once a month, once every two weeks, once a week, or once every other day. Administration of TILs may continue as long as necessary.

In some embodiments, an effective dosage of TILs is about 1×10⁶, 2×10⁶, 3×10⁶, 4×10⁶, 5×10⁶6×10⁶, 7×10⁶, 8×10⁶, 9×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 2×10⁷, 3×10⁷, 4×10⁷, 5×10⁷, 6×10⁷, 7×10⁷, 8×10⁷, 9×10⁷, 1×10⁸, 2×10⁸, 3×10⁸, 4×10⁸, 5×10⁸, 6×10⁸, 7×10⁸, 8×10⁸, 9×10⁸, 1×10⁹, 2×10⁹, 3×10⁹, 4×10⁹, 5×10⁹, 6×10⁹, 7×10⁹, 8×10⁹, 9×10⁹, 1×10¹⁰, 2×10¹⁰, 3×10¹⁰4×10¹⁰, 5×10¹⁰, 6×10¹⁰, 7×10¹⁰, 8×10¹⁰, 9×10¹⁰, 1×10¹¹, 2×10¹¹, 3×10¹¹, 4×10¹¹, 5×10¹¹, 6×10¹¹, 7×10¹¹, 8×10¹¹, 9×10¹¹, 1×10¹², 2×10¹², 3×10¹², 4×10¹², 5×10¹², 6×10¹², 7×10¹², 8×10¹², 9×10¹², 1×10¹³, 2×10¹³, 3×10¹³, 4×10¹³, 5×10¹³, 6×10¹³, 7×10¹³, 8×10¹³, and 9×10¹³. In some embodiments, an effective dosage of TILs is in the range of 1×10⁶ to 5×10⁶, 5×10⁶ to 1×10⁷, 1×10⁷ to 5×10⁷, 5×10⁷ to 1×10⁸, 1×10⁸ to 5×10⁸, 5×10⁸ to 1×10⁹, 1×10⁹ to 5×10⁹, 5×10⁹ to 1×10¹⁰, 1×10¹⁰ to 5×10¹⁰, 5×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹¹, 5×10¹¹ to 1×10¹², 1×10¹² to 5×10¹², and 5×10¹² to 1×10¹³.

In some embodiments, an effective dosage of TILs is in the range of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 4.3 mg/kg, about 0.15 mg/kg to about 3.6 mg/kg, about 0.3 mg/kg to about 3.2 mg/kg, about 0.35 mg/kg to about 2.85 mg/kg, about 0.15 mg/kg to about 2.85 mg/kg, about 0.3 mg to about 2.15 mg/kg, about 0.45 mg/kg to about 1.7 mg/kg, about 0.15 mg/kg to about 1.3 mg/kg, about 0.3 mg/kg to about 1.15 mg/kg, about 0.45 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, about 0.55 mg/kg to about 0.85 mg/kg, about 0.65 mg/kg to about 0.8 mg/kg, about 0.7 mg/kg to about 0.75 mg/kg, about 0.7 mg/kg to about 2.15 mg/kg, about 0.85 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 1.85 mg/kg, about 1.15 mg/kg to about 1.7 mg/kg, about 1.3 mg/kg mg to about 1.6 mg/kg, about 1.35 mg/kg to about 1.5 mg/kg, about 2.15 mg/kg to about 3.6 mg/kg, about 2.3 mg/kg to about 3.4 mg/kg, about 2.4 mg/kg to about 3.3 mg/kg, about 2.6 mg/kg to about 3.15 mg/kg, about 2.7 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, about 2.8 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, or about 2.85 mg/kg to about 2.95 mg/kg.

In some embodiments, an effective dosage of TILs is in the range of about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 10 mg to about 300 mg, about 20 mg to about 250 mg, about 25 mg to about 200 mg, about 1 mg to about 50 mg, about 5 mg to about 45 mg, about 10 mg to about 40 mg, about 15 mg to about 35 mg, about 20 mg to about 30 mg, about 23 mg to about 28 mg, about 50 mg to about 150 mg, about 60 mg to about 140 mg, about 70 mg to about 130 mg, about 80 mg to about 120 mg, about 90 mg to about 110 mg, or about 95 mg to about 10⁵ mg, about 98 mg to about 102 mg, about 150 mg to about 250 mg, about 160 mg to about 240 mg, about 170 mg to about 230 mg, about 180 mg to about 220 mg, about 190 mg to about 210 mg, about 195 mg to about 205 mg, or about 198 to about 207 mg.

An effective amount of the TILs may be administered in either single or multiple doses by any of the accepted modes of administration of agents having similar utilities, including intranasal and transdermal routes, by intra-arterial injection, intravenously, intraperitoneally, parenterally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, topically, by transplantation, or by inhalation.

Biomarker Correlation for Predicting Treatment Efficacy and/or Response

Interferon gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10) (also known as CXCL10) is a 10 kDa chemokine that was originally identified based on expression of the IP-10 gene in cells treated with interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) (Luster, A. D et al. (1985) Nature 315:672-676). The sequence for human IP-10 can be found in as Genbank Acc. No. NP_001556. The present invention provides methods of predicting treatment response and/or therapeutic efficacy of a TIL therapy administered as described herein.

In some aspects of the invention, IP-10 is measured after treatment of a patient with a therapeutic population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, any method know in the art for detecting IP-10 can be employed. For example, some methods for detection include the use of IP antibodies, including for example, those described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0191293. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is the level of IP-10 protein in a sample. In some embodiments, measured by a commercial Bio-Rad bead-based Bio-Plex immunoassay, which measures multiple cytokines and chemokines, and which includes an antibody specific for IP-10. In some embodiments, IP-10 is measured by taking blood samples from the patient and is measured in the plasma fraction obtained from the blood (i.e., after all blood cells are removed) and is reported in units of picograms per milliliter of plasma. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 at Day −7 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 at Day 1 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs, wherein Day 0 is the Day of the TIL infusion/administration.

The present invention provides methods of treating cancer, including treating double-refractory metastatic melanoma, in a patient in need by administering a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to the patient, where the patient is shown to exhibit an increase in IP-10 after administration of the therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, and the increase in the level of IP-10 is indicative of treatment response and/or treatment efficacy of the TIL administration. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is at least one-fold to at least five-fold, as compared to the level of IP-10 in the patient before the TIL administration. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured before another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured after another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen, but before administration of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured before the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured after the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level IP-10 is measured 6 hours to 24 hours prior to administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days or more before administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 at Day −7 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 at Day 1 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs, wherein Day 0 is the Day of the TIL infusion/administration. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is about 500 pg/ml to about 3500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is about 1000 pg/ml to about 3000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, when there is an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, the patient is administered one or more further dosages of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, when there is an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, patient is not administered a further dosage of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective population that results in an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of TILs comprises from about 2.3×10¹⁰ to about 13.7×10¹⁰ TILs. In some embodiments, the one, two, three or more therapeutic TIL dosages are administered after determining there is an increase in the level of IP-10.

In some embodiments the invention provides methods of treating cancer or double-refractory metastatic melanoma in a patient where the method comprises: (a) obtaining a first population of TILs from a tumor resected from the patient by processing a tumor sample obtained from the patient into multiple tumor fragments; (b) adding the tumor fragments into a closed system; (c) performing a first expansion by culturing the first population of TILs in a cell culture medium comprising IL-2, and optionally OKT-3, to produce a second population of TILs, wherein the first expansion is performed in a closed container providing a first gas-permeable surface area, wherein the first expansion is performed for about 3-14 days to obtain the second population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at least 50-fold greater in number than the first population of TILs, and wherein the transition from step (b) to step (c) occurs without opening the system; (d) performing a second expansion by supplementing the cell culture medium of the second population of TILs with additional IL-2, optionally OKT-3, and antigen presenting cells (APCs), to produce a third population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed for about 7-14 days to obtain the third population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is a therapeutic population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed in a closed container providing a second gas-permeable surface area, and wherein the transition from step (c) to step (d) occurs without opening the system; (e) harvesting the therapeutic population of TILs obtained from step (d) to provide a harvested TIL population, wherein the transition from step (d) to step (e) occurs without opening the system; (f) transferring the harvested TIL population from step (e) to an infusion bag, wherein the transfer from step (e) to (f) occurs without opening the system, and optionally cryopreserving the harvested TIL population and (g) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the harvested TIL population to the patient with cancer or double-refractory metastatic melanoma. In some embodiments, the patient exhibits an increase in IP-10 after administration of the therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, the patient is shown to exhibit an increase in IP-10 after administration of the therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, and the increase in the level of IP-10 is indicative of treatment response and/or treatment efficacy of the TIL administration. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is at least one-fold to at least five-fold, as compared to the level of IP-10 in the patient before the TIL administration. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured before another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured after another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen, but before administration of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured before the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured after the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level IP-10 is measured 6 hours to 24 hours prior to administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days or more before administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, when there is an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, the patient is administered one or more further dosages of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, when there is an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, patient is not administered a further dosage of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective population that results in an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of TILs comprises from about 2.3×10¹⁰ to about 13.7×10¹⁰ TILs. In some embodiments, the one, two, three or more therapeutic TIL dosages are administered after determining there is an increase in the level of IP-10. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 at Day −7 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 at Day 1 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs, wherein Day 0 is the Day of the TIL infusion/administration. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is about 500 pg/ml to about 3500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is about 1000 pg/ml to about 3000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL.

In some embodiments the invention provides methods of treating cancer or double-refractory metastatic melanoma in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a first population of TILs from a tumor resected from the patient by processing a tumor sample obtained from the patient into multiple tumor fragments; (b) adding the tumor fragments into a closed system; (c) performing a first expansion by culturing the first population of TILs in a cell culture medium comprising IL-2, and optionally OKT-3, to produce a second population of TILs, wherein the first expansion is performed in a closed container providing a first gas-permeable surface area, wherein the first expansion is performed for about 3-14 days to obtain the second population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at least 50-fold greater in number than the first population of TILs, and wherein the transition from step (b) to step (c) occurs without opening the system; (d) performing a second expansion by supplementing the cell culture medium of the second population of TILs with additional IL-2, optionally OKT-3, and antigen presenting cells (APCs), to produce a third population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed for about 7-14 days to obtain the third population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is a therapeutic population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed in a closed container providing a second gas-permeable surface area, and wherein the transition from step (c) to step (d) occurs without opening the system; (e) harvesting the therapeutic population of TILs obtained from step (d) to provide a harvested TIL population, wherein the transition from step (d) to step (e) occurs without opening the system; (f) transferring the harvested TIL population from step (e) to an infusion bag, wherein the transfer from step (e) to (f) occurs without opening the system, and optionally cryopreserving the harvested TIL population; (g) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the harvested TIL population to the patient with double-refractory metastatic melanoma; and (h) measuring the level of IP-10 in the patient after administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h) is measured. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is indicative of treatment response and/or treatment efficacy of the TIL administration. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h) is indicative of treatment efficacy. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured about 1 day to 10 days post administering the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured 1 day post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured about 6 hours to 24 hours post administering the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, the method further comprises a step of measuring the level of IP-10 in the patient prior to administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, the increase is based on an increase in the levels of IP-10 in the patient prior to administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TIL in step (g) as compared to the level of IP-10 in the patient prior to administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring an increase in the levels of IP-10 in step (h). In some embodiments, the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring no increase in the levels of IP-10 in step (h). In some embodiments, the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring an increase in the levels of IP-10 in step (h) or predicting the patient will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring no increase in the levels of IP-10 in step (h). In some embodiments, predicting the probability that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) is based upon the presence or absence of an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h). In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is an increase of at least one-fold, two-fold, three-fold, four-fold, five-fold or more. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 at Day −7 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 at Day 1 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs, wherein Day 0 is the Day of the TIL infusion/administration. In some embodiments, predicting the probability that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) comprises correlating the level of IP-10 measured in the patient with a threshold value, wherein if the level of IP-10 measured is above the threshold value a further TIL treatment regimen in indicated. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is about 500 pg/ml to about 3500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is about 1000 pg/ml to about 3000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 900 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1000 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1100 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1300 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1400 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1500 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1600 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1700 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is or at least 1800 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1900 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 2000 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1600 pg/ml. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1650 pg/ml. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1656 pg/ml. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is at least one-fold to at least five-fold, as compared to the level of IP-10 in the patient before the TIL administration. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured before another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured after another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen, but before administration of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured before the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured after the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level IP-10 is measured 6 hours to 24 hours prior to administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days or more before administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, when there is an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, the patient is administered a further dosage of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, when there is an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, patient is not administered a further dosage of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective population that results in an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of TILs comprises from about 2.3×10¹⁰ to about 13.7×10¹⁰ TILs. In some embodiments, the one, two, three or more therapeutic TIL dosages are administered after determining there is an increase in the level of IP-10.

In some embodiments, the invention also provides a method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a first population of TILs from a tumor resected from the patient by processing a tumor sample obtained from the patient into multiple tumor fragments; (b) adding the tumor fragments into a closed system; (c) performing a first expansion by culturing the first population of TILs in a cell culture medium comprising IL-2, and optionally OKT-3, to produce a second population of TILs, wherein the first expansion is performed in a closed container providing a first gas-permeable surface area, wherein the first expansion is performed for about 3-14 days to obtain the second population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at least 50-fold greater in number than the first population of TILs, and wherein the transition from step (b) to step (c) occurs without opening the system; (d) performing a second expansion by supplementing the cell culture medium of the second population of TILs with additional IL-2, optionally OKT-3, and antigen presenting cells (APCs), to produce a third population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed for about 7-14 days to obtain the third population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is a therapeutic population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed in a closed container providing a second gas-permeable surface area, and wherein the transition from step (c) to step (d) occurs without opening the system; (e) harvesting the therapeutic population of TILs obtained from step (d) to provide a harvested TIL population, wherein the transition from step (d) to step (e) occurs without opening the system; (f) transferring the harvested TIL population from step (e) to an infusion bag, wherein the transfer from step (e) to (f) occurs without opening the system, and optionally cryopreserving the harvested TIL population; (g) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the harvested TIL population to the patient with double-refractory metastatic melanoma; and (h) measuring the level of IP-10 in the patient after administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h) is measured. In some embodiments, an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h) is indicative of treatment efficacy. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured about 1 day to 10 days post administering the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured 1 day post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured about 6 hours to 24 hours post administering the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is at least one-fold to at least five-fold, as compared to the level of IP-10 in the patient before the TIL administration. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured before another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured after another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen, but before administration of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured before the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured after the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level IP-10 is measured 6 hours to 24 hours prior to administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days or more before administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, the method further comprises a step of measuring the level of IP-10 in the patient prior to administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, the increase is based on an increase in the levels of IP-10 in the patient after administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g) as compared to the level of IP-10 in the patient prior to administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring an increase in the levels of IP-10 in step (h). In some embodiments, the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring no increase in the levels of IP-10 in step (h). In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 at Day −7 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 at Day 1 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs, wherein Day 0 is the Day of the TIL infusion/administration. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is about 500 pg/ml to about 3500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is about 1000 pg/ml to about 3000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 900 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1000 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1100 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1300 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1400 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1500 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1600 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1700 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is or at least 1800 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1900 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 2000 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1600 pg/ml. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1650 pg/ml. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1656 pg/ml.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring an increase in the levels of IP-10 in step (h) or predicting the patient will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring no increase in the levels of IP-10 in step (h). In some embodiments, predicting the probability that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) is based upon the presence or absence of an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h). In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is an increase of at least one-fold, two-fold, three-fold, four-fold, five-fold or more. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is at least one-fold to at least five-fold, as compared to the level of IP-10 in the patient before the TIL administration. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured before another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured after another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen, but before administration of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured before the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured after the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level IP-10 is measured 6 hours to 24 hours prior to administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days or more before administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 at Day −7 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 at Day 1 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs, wherein Day 0 is the Day of the TIL infusion/administration. In some embodiments, predicting the probability that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) comprises correlating the level of IP-10 measured in the patient with a threshold value, wherein if the level of IP-10 measured is above the threshold value a further TIL treatment regimen in indicated. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is about 500 pg/ml to about 3500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is about 1000 pg/ml to about 3000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 900 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1000 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1100 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1300 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1400 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1500 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1600 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1700 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is or at least 1800 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1900 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 2000 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1600 pg/ml. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1650 pg/ml. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1656 pg/ml. In some embodiments, when there is an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, the patient is administered a further dosage of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, when there is an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, patient is not administered a further dosage of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective population that results in an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of TILs comprises from about 2.3×10¹⁰ to about 13.7×10¹⁰ TILs. In some embodiments, the one, two, three or more therapeutic TIL dosages are administered after determining there is an increase in the level of IP-10.

In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of predicting a treatment response and/or predicting treatment efficacy for administration of a therapeutically effective amount of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to a patient, the method comprising: a) obtaining a biological sample from a patient with cancer, including double-refractory metastatic melanoma; b) measuring the level of IP-10 in the biological sample from a); c) administering a therapeutically effective amount of TILs; d) obtaining a biological sample from the patient after the administration of the therapeutically effective amount of TILs in step c); e) measuring the level of IP-10 in the biological sample from d); f) predicting a treatment response to and/or predicting treatment efficacy of the administration of the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs based upon the level of IP-10 measured after administration as compared to the level of IP-10 measured prior to administration. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (e) is determined as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) is observed. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 in step (e) is determined as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) is indicative of treatment efficacy. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured in step (e) about 1 day to 10 days post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (c). In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured in step (e) about 1 day post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (c). In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured in step (e) about 6 hours to 24 hours post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g). In some embodiments, predicting that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (c) is based upon an increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (f). In some embodiments, detecting an increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (e) as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) indicates that the patient will respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (d). In some embodiments, detecting no increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (e) as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) indicates that the patient will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (d). In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 at Day −7 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 at Day 1 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs, wherein Day 0 is the Day of the TIL infusion/administration. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is increased one-fold, two-fold, three-fold, four-fold, five-fold or more. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is at least one-fold to at least five-fold, as compared to the level of IP-10 in the patient before the TIL administration. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured before another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen. In some embodiments, the IP-10 is measured after another treatment regimen, such as an anti-PD-1 treatment regimen, but before administration of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured before the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured after the TILs are harvested for expansion. In some embodiments, the level IP-10 is measured 6 hours to 24 hours prior to administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days or more before administration of the TILs to the patient. In some embodiments, predicting that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (d) further comprises correlating the level of IP-10 measured in the patient with a threshold value. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is about 500 pg/ml to about 3500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 1500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the threshold value for IP-10 level is at least 2500 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is about 1000 pg/ml to about 3000 pg/mL, wherein an IP-10 level above the threshold value is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 1500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2000 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is at least 2500 pg/mL and the IP-10 level is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or treatment response. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 900 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1000 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1100 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1300 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1400 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1500 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1600 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1700 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is or at least 1800 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1900 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 2000 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1600 pg/ml. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1650 pg/ml. In some embodiments, the difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 1656 pg/ml. In some embodiments, when there is an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, the patient is administered one or more further dosages of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, when there is an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, patient is not administered a further dosage of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective population that results in an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of TILs comprises from about 2.3×10¹⁰ to about 13.7×10¹⁰ TILs. In some embodiments, the one, two, three or more therapeutic TIL dosages are administered after determining there is an increase in the level of IP-10.

According to the methods described herein, IP-10 production can be measured by determining the levels of the IP-10 in the blood of a subject treated with TILs prepared by the methods of the present invention, including those as described for example in FIG. 18. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is the level of IP-10 protein in a sample. In some embodiments, IP-10 is measured by a commercial Bio-Rad bead-based Bio-Plex immunoassay, which measures multiple cytokines and chemokines, and which includes an antibody specific for IP-10. In some embodiments, IP-10 is measured by taking blood samples from the patient and is measured in the plasma fraction obtained from the blood (i.e., after all blood cells are removed) and is reported in units of picograms per milliliter of plasma. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs. In some embodiments, the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference between the level of IP-10 at Day −7 before administration of the therapeutic population of TILs and the level of IP-10 at Day 1 after administration of the therapeutic population of TILs, wherein Day 0 is the Day of the TIL infusion/administration. In some embodiments, higher IP-10 is indicative of treatment efficacy and/or increased clinical efficacy. In some embodiments, higher IP-10 in the blood of subjects treated with TILs is indicative of active TILs. IP-10 production can be measured by determining the levels of the IP-10 in the blood of a subject treated with TILs prepared by the methods of the present invention, including those as described for example in FIG. 18. In some embodiments, higher IP-10 is indicative of treatment efficacy in a patient treated with the TILs produced by the methods of the present invention. In some embodiments, higher IP-10 correlates to an increase of one-fold, two-fold, three-fold, four-fold, or five-fold or more as compared to an untreated patient and/or as compared to a patient treated with TILs prepared using other methods than those provide herein including for example, methods other than those embodied in FIG. 18. In some embodiments, higher IP-10 correlates to an increase of one-fold as compared to an untreated patient and/or as compared to a patient treated with TILs prepared using other methods than those provide herein including for example, methods other than those embodied in FIG. 18. In some embodiments, higher IP-10 correlates to an increase of two-fold as compared to an untreated patient and/or as compared to a patient treated with TILs prepared using other methods than those provide herein including for example, methods other than those embodied in FIG. 18. In some embodiments, higher IP-10 correlates to an increase of three-fold as compared to an untreated patient and/or as compared to a patient treated with TILs prepared using other methods than those provide herein including for example, methods other than those embodied in FIG. 18. In some embodiments, higher IP-10 correlates to an increase of four-fold as compared to an untreated patient and/or as compared to a patient treated with TILs prepared using other methods than those provide herein including for example, methods other than those embodied in FIG. 18. In some embodiments, higher IP-10 correlates to an increase of five-fold as compared to an untreated patient and/or as compared to a patient treated with TILs prepared using other methods than those provide herein including for example, methods other than those embodied in FIG. 18. In some embodiments, IP-10 is measured in blood of a subject treated with TILs prepared by the methods of the present invention, including those as described for example in FIG. 18. In some embodiments, IP-10 is measured in TILs serum of a subject treated with TILs prepared by the methods of the present invention, including those as described for example in FIG. 18.

Certain Exemplary Embodiments

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer; wherein         the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is a cutaneous         double-refractory metastatic melanoma.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory         to at least two prior systemic treatment courses, not including         neo-adjuvant or adjuvant therapies.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory         to aldesleukin or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory         to pembrolizumab or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory         to nivolumab or a biosimilar thereof.     -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the In an embodiment, the         invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a         population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising         the steps of:     -   first population of TILs in the first cell culture medium to         obtain a second population of TILs, wherein the second         population of TILs is at least 5-fold greater in number than the         first population of TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium         comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory         to ipilimumab or a biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory         to ipilimumab or a biosimilar thereof and pembrolizumab or a         biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory         to ipilimumab or a biosimilar thereof and nivolumab or a         biosimilar thereof.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the initial expansion is performed over a period of 21         days or less.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the initial expansion is performed over a period of 11         days or less.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the IL-2 is present at an initial concentration of         between 1000 IU/mL and 6000 IU/mL in the first cell culture         medium.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the IL-2 is present at an initial concentration of         between 1000 IU/mL and 6000 IU/mL and the OKT-3 antibody is         present at an initial concentration of about 30 ng/mL in the         second cell culture medium.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the initial expansion is performed using a gas permeable         container.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the rapid expansion is performed using a gas permeable         container.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the first cell culture medium further comprises a         cytokine selected from the group consisting of IL-4, IL-7,         IL-15, IL-21, and combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the second cell culture medium further comprises a         cytokine selected from the group consisting of IL-4, IL-7,         IL-15, IL-21, and combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         further comprising the step of treating the patient with a         non-myeloablative lymphodepletion regimen prior to administering         the third population of TILs to the patient.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the non-myeloablative lymphodepletion regimen comprises         the steps of administration of cyclophosphamide at a dose of 60         mg/m²/day for two days followed by administration of fludarabine         at a dose of 25 mg/m²/day for five days.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         further comprising the step of treating the patient with an IL-2         regimen starting on the day after administration of the third         population of TILs to the patient.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer with a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) resecting a tumor from a patient, the tumor comprising a         first population of TILs;     -   (b) fragmenting the tumor into tumor fragments;     -   (c) contacting the tumor fragments with a first cell culture         medium;     -   (d) performing an initial expansion of the first population of         TILs in the first cell culture medium to obtain a second         population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at         least 5-fold greater in number than the first population of         TILs, wherein the first cell culture medium comprises IL-2;     -   (e) performing a rapid expansion of the second population of         TILs in a second cell culture medium to obtain a third         population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is at         least 50-fold greater in number than the second population of         TILs after 7 days from the start of the rapid expansion; wherein         the second cell culture medium comprises IL-2, OKT-3 (anti-CD3         antibody), and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood         mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and wherein the rapid expansion is         performed over a period of 14 days or less;     -   (f) harvesting the third population of TILs; and     -   (g) administering a therapeutically effective portion of the         third population of TILs to a patient with the cancer;     -   wherein the cancer is double-refractory metastatic melanoma,         wherein the IL-2 regimen is a high-dose IL-2 regimen comprising         600,000 or 720,000 IU/kg of aldesleukin, or a biosimilar or         variant thereof, administered as a 15-minute bolus intravenous         infusion every eight hours until tolerance.

EXAMPLES

The embodiments encompassed herein are now described with reference to the following examples. These examples are provided for the purpose of illustration only and the disclosure encompassed herein should in no way be construed as being limited to these examples, but rather should be construed to encompass any and all variations which become evident as a result of the teachings provided herein.

Example 1: Processes for the Manufacture of TILs Suitable for Therapy

TILs may be manufactured using methods known in the art and any method described herein. For example, an exemplary method for expanding TILs is depicted in FIG. 1. An exemplary timeline for manufacturing TILs and treating a cancer patient with expanded TILs according to the process of FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 2. Surgery (and tumor resection) occurs at the start, and lymphodepletion chemo refers to non-myeloablative lymphodepletion with chemotherapy as described elsewhere herein.

FIG. 3 illustrates a TIL expansion and therapeutic treatment process, including a “direct to REP” step wherein pre-REP TILs are placed directly into a REP process. The total process time is approximately 22 days, at which point TILs may be infused into a patient. FIG. 4 illustrates a treatment and manufacturing timeline for use with TILs prepared according to the present disclosure and the process of FIG. 3, when the cell count at day 6 is greater than 250×10⁶. In this situation, the TIL product is considered to be very likely to succeed, and the risk of lymphodepleting the patient in anticipation of obtaining suitable final TIL product is warranted. FIG. 5 illustrates a treatment and manufacturing timeline for use with TILs prepared according to the present disclosure and the process of FIG. 3, when the cell count at day 6 is less than 250×10⁶, and wherein lymphodepletion is begun later so as to allow for an assessment of the viability of the TIL product before the decision is made to lymphodeplete the patient. FIG. 6 shows a detailed schematic of a TIL manufacturing process according to FIG. 3.

Example 2: Clinical Study 1 of TIL Therapy in Double-Refractory Melanoma

This Phase 2, multicenter, three-cohort study is designed to assess the safety and efficacy of a TIL therapy manufactured according to FIG. 1 for treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Cohorts one and two will enroll up to 30 patients each and cohort three is a re-treatment cohort for a second TIL infusion in up to ten patients. The first two cohorts are evaluating two different manufacturing processes for (FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, respectively). Patients in cohort one receive fresh, non-cryopreserved TIL (FIG. 1) and cohort two patients receive product manufactured through a more streamlined and rapid three-week procedure (FIG. 3) yielding a cryopreserved product. The study design is shown in FIG. 7. The study is a Phase 2, multicenter, three cohort study to assess the safety and efficacy of autologous TILs for treatment of subpopulations of patients with metastatic melanoma. Key inclusion criteria include: measurable metastatic melanoma and ≥1 lesion resectable for TIL generation; at least one prior line of systemic therapy; age≥18; and ECOG performance status of 0-1. Treatment cohorts include non-cryopreserved TIL product (prepared using the process of FIG. 1), cryopreserved TIL product (prepared using the process of FIG. 3), and retreatment with TIL product for patients without response or who progress after initial response. The primary endpoint is safety and the secondary endpoint is efficacy, defined as objective response rate (ORR), complete remission rate (CRR), progression free survival (PFS), duration of response (DOR), and overall survival (OS).

Data from 16 patients in cohort one is presented here. These advanced metastatic melanoma patients were a median age of 55 and were highly refractory to multiple prior lines of therapy with significant tumor burden at baseline. All had prior anti-PD-1 therapy, 88% had anti-CTLA4 therapy and 64% had received three or more prior therapies. The results showed that, of the evaluable patients, a 29% objective response rate was reported including one complete response (CR) continuing beyond 15 months post-administration of a single TIL treatment. Furthermore, 77% of patients had reduction in target tumor size. The mean time to first response was 1.6 months, with the CR developing at 6 months. Responses were observed in patients with tumors carrying wild type or BRAF mutations. The protocol allows for administration of up to 6 doses of aldesleukin. The median number of aldesleukin administrations was six.

Patient characteristics are shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9. The median number of prior therapies was 3 (range: 1-6). The median sum of diameter for target lesions at baseline was 10.2 cm. 81% of patients had Stage IV disease. The patient population was highly refractory to multiple prior lines of therapy, with significant tumor burden at baseline, and had progressed after at least one checkpoint inhibitor.

Treatment emergent serious adverse events are summarized in FIG. 10, and efficacy results are summarized in FIG. 11. One of 14 patients was not evaluable due to melanoma-related death prior to first tumor assessment. All patients entering the study had received an anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor. A waterfall of response plot is shown in FIG. 12. The ORR is 29%. Tumor reduction was seen in 77% of patients representing those who had tumor reduction in the target lesions. Responses were noted regardless of BRAF mutational status including one long lasting CR (15+ months). FIG. 13 illustrates time to best response and duration in the clinical study. Mean time to first response was 1.6 months. Median follow up for the data shown in FIG. 13 was 4.1 months. FIG. 14 illustrates percentage change in sum of diameters in the clinical study. FIG. 15 illustrates scans from a patient in complete remission, showing the reduction in tumor size.

Additionally, the protocol for this study was amended to both increase the sample size for the study as well as further define the patient population to patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma who have progressed after immune checkpoint inhibition therapy (e.g., anti-PD-1), and if BRAF mutation-positive, after BRAF targeted therapy.

Based on these results, which illustrate the ability of the TIL therapies of the present disclosure to treat double-refractory metastatic melanoma, the clinical study has been modified as shown in FIG. 16, and furthermore, the primary endpoint has been changed to ORR, with the secondary endpoints changed to CRR, DCR, PFS, DOR, OR, OS, and safety.

Example 3: Clinical Study 2 of TIL Therapy in Double-Refractory Melanoma

Alternative processes for TIL production may also be employed in some embodiments, such as the process described in Radvanyi, et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 2012, 18, 6758-70 (including the supporting information), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. The results from the use of TILs produced by this method in the treatment of patients refractory to both an anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab or nivolumab) and ipilimumab are shown in FIG. 17.

Example 4: Retrospective Clinical Study

A retrospective study is performed in unresectable, metastatic melanoma patients assessing efficacy data following ≥2 systemic therapies for their disease. This is a retrospective chart review study. The study includes acquisition of retrospective data on disease response in patients who are relapsed/refractory unresectable metastatic melanoma who progressed after receiving ≥2 lines of systemic therapies, where the systemic therapies must include at least one line of PD-1 and BRAF inhibitors for patients with confirmed BRAF mutation positive disease. Selection of patient population is based on prospectively determined inclusion criteria followed by retrospective chart review.

The primary objective of this retrospective study is to evaluate the objective response rate (ORR) assessed by the local evaluation following Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1. Secondary objectives of the study include (i) evaluating the efficacy endpoints by the local evaluation for duration of response (DOR), and disease control rate (DCR), assessed by RECIST 1.1; (ii) to evaluate overall survival (OS) based on retrospective data of the study population. An exploratory objective further includes evaluating the treatment pattern of this study population.

Dose and treatment are based on individual institutional data, with the requirement to have been on a treatment in the second or later line of treatment for the unresectable, metastatic melanoma.

Retrospective data will be collected from up to 3 large medical data bases (e.g., from hospitals, academic institutions, oncological cooperative groups) in the United States.

No patients will be actively treated in this retrospective data evaluation study. A minimum of about 100 patients will be assessed for eligibility for the retrospective data review, based on the available institutional data.

Patients will have relapsed/refractory unresectable, metastatic melanoma following ≥2 lines of systemic that must include at least one line of anti-PD-1 and BRAF inhibitors for patients with confirmed BRAF mutation positive disease. Patients will be ≥18 years of age at the time of consent, and will have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1.

Further criteria for inclusion include; patients must have adequate hematopoietic and organ function; patients have provided written authorization for use and disclosure of protected health information, or there is institutional regulation allowing use of clinical data, in compliance with GCP and local ethical standards.

Patients meeting the following criteria will be excluded from the study: patients with melanoma of uveal/ocular origin; patients with symptomatic and/or untreated brain metastases (of any size and any number); patients who have had another primary malignancy within the previous 3 years (with the exception of carcinoma in situ of the breast, cervix, or bladder, localized prostate cancer and nonmelanoma skin cancer that has been adequately treated); patients who have been shown to be BRAF mutation positive (V600), but have not received prior systemic therapy with a BRAF-directed kinase inhibitor.

Efficacy will be assessed based on the application of RECIST 1.1 to the data available in the medical charts of the patients identified according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The following parameters will be calculated: ORR, DOR, DCR. Data will be reported by individual institutional data and as aggregate, if feasible.

OS summary will be also assessed pending available individual institutional data. If feasible, aggregate OS data will be reported.

The primary statistical analysis is based on the efficacy parameters obtained from the retrospective data from each institution and it will be performed by individual set of retrospective data per institution.

Statistical comparison among retrospective data sets may or may not be performed.

Patients meeting RECIST 1.1 criteria for a confirmed complete (CR) or partial (PR) response will be classified as responders in the analysis of the ORR.

All time-to-event efficacy endpoints will use the Kaplan-Meier method to summarize the data. The time origin for all such analyses (except for response duration) will be the date on which patients began treatment with the study therapy.

There may or may not be formal comparisons among individual retrospective data sets.

Example 5: Preparation of Media for Pre-REP and REP Processes

This Example describes the procedure for the preparation of tissue culture media for use in protocols involving the culture of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) derived from various tumor types including, but not limited to, metastatic melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), ovarian carcinoma, triple-negative breast carcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma. This media can be used for preparation of any of the TILs described in the present application and Examples.

Preparation of CM1

Removed the following reagents from cold storage and warmed them in a 37° C. water bath: (RPMI1640, Human AB serum, 200 mM L-glutamine). Prepared CM1 medium according to Table 19 below by adding each of the ingredients into the top section of a 0.2 μm filter unit appropriate to the volume to be filtered. Store at 4° C.

TABLE 19 Preparation of CM1 Ingredient Final concentration Final Volume 500 ml Final Volume IL RPMI1640 NA 450 ml 900 ml  Human AB serum, 50 ml 100 ml heat-inactivated 10% 200 mM L-glutamine 2 mM  5 ml 10 ml   55 mM BME 55 μM  0.5 ml 1 ml  50 mg/ml gentamicin sulfate 50 μg/ml  0.5 ml 1 ml

On the day of use, prewarmed required amount of CM1 in 37° C. water bath and add 6000 IU/ml IL-2.

Additional supplementation—as needed according to Table 20.

TABLE 20 Additional supplementation of CM1, as needed. Supplement Stock concentration Dilution Final concentration GlutaMAXTm 200 mM 1:100 2 mM Penicillin/streptomycin 10,000 U/ml penicillin 1:100 100 U/ml penicillin 10,000 μg/ml streptomycin 100 μg/ml streptomycin Amphotericin B 250 μg/ml 1:100 2.5 μg/ml

Preparation of CM2

Removed prepared CM1 from refrigerator or prepare fresh CM1 as per Section 7.3 above. Removed AIM-V® from refrigerator and prepared the amount of CM2 needed by mixing prepared CM1 with an equal volume of AIM-V® in a sterile media bottle. Added 3000 IU/ml IL-2 to CM2 medium on the day of usage. Made sufficient amount of CM2 with 3000 IU/ml IL-2 on the day of usage. Labeled the CM2 media bottle with its name, the initials of the preparer, the date it was filtered/prepared, the two-week expiration date and store at 4° C. until needed for tissue culture.

Preparation of CM3

Prepared CM3 on the day it was required for use. CM3 was the same as AIM-V® medium, supplemented with 3000 IU/ml IL-2 on the day of use. Prepared an amount of CM3 sufficient to experimental needs by adding IL-2 stock solution directly to the bottle or bag of AIM-V. Mixed well by gentle shaking. Label bottle with “3000 IU/ml IL-2” immediately after adding to the AIM-V. If there was excess CM3, stored it in bottles at 4° C. labeled with the media name, the initials of the preparer, the date the media was prepared, and its expiration date (7 days after preparation). Discarded media supplemented with IL-2 after 7 days storage at 4° C.

Preparation of CM4

CM4 was the same as CM3, with the additional supplement of 2 mM GlutaMAX™ (final concentration). For every 1 L of CM3, added 10 ml of 200 mM GlutaMAX™. Prepared an amount of CM4 sufficient to experimental needs by adding IL-2 stock solution and GlutaMAX™ stock solution directly to the bottle or bag of AIM-V. Mixed well by gentle shaking. Labeled bottle with “3000 IL/nil IL-2 and GlutaMAX” immediately after adding to the AIM-V. If there was excess CM4, stored it in bottles at 4° C. labeled with the media name, “GlutaMAX”, and its expiration date (7 days after preparation). Discarded media supplemented with IL-2 after 7-days storage at 4° C.

Example 6: Use of IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21 Cytokine Cocktail

This example describes the use of IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21 cytokines, which serve as additional T cell growth factors, in combination with the TIL process of Examples 1 to 10.

Using the process of Examples 1 to 10, TILs were grown from colorectal, melanoma, cervical, triple negative breast, lung and renal tumors in presence of IL-2 in one arm of the experiment and, in place of IL-2, a combination of IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21 in another arm at the initiation of culture. At the completion of the pre-REP, cultures were assessed for expansion, phenotype, function (CD107a+ and IFN-γ) and TCR Vβ repertoire. IL-15 and IL-21 are described elsewhere herein and in Gruijl, et al., IL-21 promotes the expansion of CD27+CD28+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes with high cytotoxic potential and low collateral expansion of regulatory T cells, Santegoets, S. J., J Transl Med., 2013, 11:37 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3626797/).

The results showed that enhanced TIL expansion (>20%), in both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells in the IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21 treated conditions were observed in multiple histologies relative to the IL-2 only conditions. There was a skewing towards a predominantly CD8⁺ population with a skewed TCR Vβ repertoire in the TILs obtained from the IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21 treated cultures relative to the IL-2 only cultures. IFN-γ and CD107a were elevated in the IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21 treated TILs, in comparison to TILs treated only IL-2.

Example 7: Qualifying Individual Lots of Gamma-Irradiated Peripheral Mononuclear Cells

This Example describes a novel abbreviated procedure for qualifying individual lots of gamma-irradiated peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs, also known as MNC) for use as allogeneic feeder cells in the exemplary methods described herein.

Each irradiated MNC feeder lot was prepared from an individual donor. Each lot or donor was screened individually for its ability to expand TIL in the REP in the presence of purified anti-CD3 (clone OKT3) antibody and interleukin-2 (IL-2). In addition, each lot of feeder cells was tested without the addition of TIL. to verify that the received dose of gamma radiation was sufficient to render them replication incompetent.

Background

Gamma-irradiated, growth-arrested MNC feeder cells were required for REP of TIL. Membrane receptors on the feeder MNCs bind to anti-CD3 (clone OKT3) antibody and crosslink to TIL in the REP flask, stimulating the TIL to expand. Feeder lots were prepared from the leukapheresis of whole blood taken from individual donors. The leukapheresis product was subjected to centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque, washed, irradiated, and cryopreserved under GMP conditions.

It is important that patients who received TIL therapy not be infused with viable feeder cells as this can result in Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD). Feeder cells are therefore growth-arrested by dosing the cells with gamma-irradiation, resulting in double strand DNA breaks and the loss of cell viability of the MNC cells upon reculture.

Evaluation Criteria and Experimental Set-Up

Feeder lots were evaluated on two criteria: 1) their ability to expand TIL in co-culture>100-fold and 2) their replication incompetency.

Feeder lots were tested in mini-REP format utilizing two primary pre-REP TIL lines grown in upright T25 tissue culture flasks. Feeder lots were tested against two distinct TIL lines, as each TIL line is unique in its ability to proliferate in response to activation in a REP. As a control, a lot of irradiated MNC feeder cells which has historically been shown to meet the criteria above was run alongside the test lots.

To ensure that all lots tested in a single experiment receive equivalent testing, sufficient stocks of the same pre-REP TIL lines were available to test all conditions and all feeder lots.

For each lot of feeder cells tested, there was a total of six T25 flasks: Pre-REP TIL line #1 (2 flasks); Pre-REP TIL line #2 (2 flasks); and Feeder control (2 flasks). Flasks containing TIL lines #1 and #2 evaluated the ability of the feeder lot to expand TIL. The feeder control flasks evaluated the replication incompetence of the feeder lot.

Experimental Protocol Day −2/3, Thaw of TIL Lines

Prepared CM2 medium. Warmed CM2 in 37° C. water bath. Prepared 40 ml of CM2 supplemented with 3000 IU/ml IL-2. Keep warm until use. Placed 20 ml of pre-warmed CM2 without TL-2 into each of two 50 ml conical tubes labeled with names of the TIL lines used. Removed the two designated pre-REP TIL lines from LN2 storage and transferred the vials to the tissue culture room. Thawed vials by placing them inside a sealed zipper storage bag in a 37° C. water bath until a small amount of ice remains.

Using a sterile transfer pipet, immediately transferred the contents of vial into the 20 ml of CM2 in the prepared, labeled 50 ml conical tube. QS to 40 ml using CM2 without IL-2 to wash cells. Centrifuged at 400×CF for 5 minutes. Aspirated the supernatant and resuspend in 5 ml warm CM2 supplemented with 3000 IU/ml IL-2.

Removed small aliquot (20 μl) in duplicate for cell counting using an automated cell counter. Record the counts. While counting, placed the 50 ml conical tube with TIL cells into a humidified 37° C., 5% CO₂ incubator, with the cap loosened to allow for gas exchange. Determined cell concentration and diluted TIL to 1×10⁶ cells/ml in CM2 supplemented with IL-2 at 3000 IU/ml.

Cultured in 2 ml/well of a 24-well tissue culture plate in as many wells as needed in a humidified 37° C. incubator until Day 0 of the mini-REP. Cultured the different TIL lines in separate 24-well tissue culture plates to avoid confusion and potential cross-contamination.

Day 0, Initiate Mini-REP

Prepared enough CM2 medium for the number of feeder lots to be tested. (e.g., for testing 4 feeder lots at one time, prepared 800 ml of CM2 medium). Aliquoted a portion of the CM2 prepared above and supplemented it with 3000 IU/ml IL-2 for the culturing of the cells. (e.g., for testing 4 feeder lots at one time, prepare 500 ml of CM2 medium with 3000 IU/ml IL-2).

Working with each TIL line separately to prevent cross-contamination, removed the 24-well plate with TIL culture from the incubator and transferred to the BSC.

Using a sterile transfer pipet or 100-1000 μl Pipettor and tip, removed about 1 ml of medium from each well of TIL to be used and place in an unused well of the 24-well tissue culture plate.

Using a fresh sterile transfer pipet or 100-1000 μl Pipettor and tip, mixed remaining medium with TIL in wells to resuspend the cells and then transferred the cell suspension to a 50 ml conical tube labeled with the TIL name and recorded the volume.

Washed the wells with the reserved media and transferred that volume to the same 50 ml conical tube. Spun the cells at 400×CF to collect the cell pellet. Aspirated off the media supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 2-5 ml of CM2 medium containing 3000 IU/ml IL-2, volume to be used based on the number of wells harvested and the size of the pellet−volume should be sufficient to ensure a concentration of >1.3×10⁶ cells/ml.

Using a serological pipet, mixed the cell suspension thoroughly and recorded the volume. Removed 200 μl for a cell count using an automated cell counter. While counting, placed the 50 ml conical tube with TIL cells into a humidified, 5% CO₂, 37° C. incubator, with the cap loosened to allow gas exchange. Recorded the counts.

Removed the 50 ml conical tube containing the TIL cells from the incubator and resuspend them cells at a concentration of 1.3×10⁶ cells/ml in warm CM2 supplemented with 30001 U/ml IL-2. Returned the 50 ml conical tube to the incubator with a loosened cap.

Repeated steps above for the second TIL line.

Just prior to plating the TIL into the T25 flasks for the experiment, TIL were diluted 1:10 for a final concentration of 1.3×10⁵ cells/ml as per below.

Prepare MACS GMP CD3 Pure (OKT3) Working Solution

Took out stock solution of OKT3 (1 mg/ml) from 4° C. refrigerator and placed in BSC. A final concentration of 30 ng/ml OKT3 was used in the media of the mini-REP.

600 ng of OKT3 were needed for 20 ml in each T25 flask of the experiment; this was the equivalent of 60 μl of a 10 μg/ml solution for each 20 ml, or 360 μl for all 6 flasks tested for each feeder lot.

For each feeder lot tested, made 400 μl of a 1:100 dilution of 1 mg/ml OKT3 for a working concentration of 10 μg/ml (e.g., for testing 4 feeder lots at one time, make 1600 μl of a 1:100 dilution of 1 mg/ml OKT3: 16 μl of 1 mg/ml OKT3+1.584 ml of CM2 medium with 30001 U/ml IL-2.)

Prepare T25 Flasks

Labeled each flask and filled flask with the CM2 medium prior to preparing the feeder cells. Placed flasks into 37° C. humidified 5% CO₂ incubator to keep media warm while waiting to add the remaining components. Once feeder cells were prepared, the components will be added to the CM2 in each flask.

TABLE 21 Solutions Volume in co-culture Volume in control Component flasks (feeder only) flasks CM2 + 3000 IU/ml IL-2 18 ml 19 ml MNC: 1.3 × 10⁷/ml in CM2 + 3000 IU IL-2 1 ml 1 ml (final concentration 1/.3 × 10⁷/flask) OKT3: 10 μg/ml in CM2 + 3000 IU of IL-2 60 μl 60 μl TIL: 1.3 × 10⁵/ml in CM2 with 3000 IU of IL-2 1 ml 0 (final concentration 1.3 × 10⁵/flask)

Prepare Feeder Cells

A minimum of 78×10⁶ feeder cells were needed per lot tested for this protocol. Each 1 ml vial frozen by SDBB had 100×10⁶ viable cells upon freezing. Assuming a 50% recovery upon thaw from LN2 storage, it was recommended to thaw at least two 1 ml vials of feeder cells per lot giving an estimated 100×10⁶ viable cells for each REP. Alternately, if supplied in 1.8 ml vials, only one vial provided enough feeder cells.

Before thawing feeder cells, pre-warmed approximately 50 ml of CM2 without IL-2 for each feeder lot to be tested. Removed the designated feeder lot vials from LN2 storage, placed in zipper storage bag, and place on ice. Thawed vials inside closed zipper storage bag by immersing in a 37° C. water bath. Removed vials from zipper bag, spray or wipe with 70% EtOH and transferred vials to BSC.

Using a transfer pipet immediately transferred the contents of feeder vials into 30 ml of warm CM2 in a 50 ml conical tube. Washed vial with a small volume of CM2 to remove any residual cells in the vial. Centrifuged at 400×CF for 5 minutes. Aspirated the supernatant and resuspended in 4 ml warm CM2 plus 3000 IU/ml IL-2. Removed 200 μl for cell counting using the Automated Cell Counter. Recorded the counts.

Resuspended cells at 1.3×10⁷ cells/ml in warm CM2 plus 3000 IU/ml IL-2. Diluted TIL cells from 1.3×10⁶ cells/ml to 1.3×10⁵ cells/ml.

Setup Co-Culture

Diluted TIL cells from 1.3×10⁶ cells/ml to 1.3×10⁵ cells/ml. Added 4.5 ml of CM2 medium to a 15 ml conical tube. Removed TIL cells from incubator and resuspended well using a 10 ml serological pipet. Removed 0.5 ml of cells from the 1.3×10⁶ cells/ml TIL suspension and added to the 4.5 ml of medium in the 15 ml conical tube. Returned TIL stock vial to incubator. Mixed well. Repeated for the second TIL line.

Transferred flasks with pre-warmed media for a single feeder lot from the incubator to the BSC. Mixed feeder cells by pipetting up and down several times with a 1 ml pipet tip and transferred 1 ml (1.3×10⁷ cells) to each flask for that feeder lot. Added 60 μl of OKT3 working stock (10 μg/ml) to each flask. Returned the two control flasks to the incubator.

Transferred 1 ml (1.3×10⁵) of each TIL lot to the correspondingly labeled T25 flask. Returned flasks to the incubator and incubate upright. Did not disturb until Day 5.

Repeated for all feeder lots tested.

Day 5, Media Change

Prepared CM2 with 3000 IU/ml IL-2. 10 ml is needed for each flask. With a 10 ml pipette, transferred 10 ml warm CM2 with 3000 IU/ml IL-2 to each flask. Returned flasks to the incubator and incubated upright until Day 7. Repeated for all feeder lots tested.

Day 7, Harvest

Removed flasks from the incubator and transfer to the BSC, care as taken not to disturb the cell layer on the bottom of the flask. Without disturbing the cells growing on the bottom of the flasks, removed 10 ml of medium from each test flask and 15 ml of medium from each of the control flasks.

Using a 10 ml serological pipet, resuspended the cells in the remaining medium and mix well to break up any clumps of cells. After thoroughly mixing cell suspension by pipetting, removed 200 μl for cell counting. Counted the TIL using the appropriate standard operating procedure in conjunction with the automatic cell counter equipment. Recorded counts in Day 7.

Repeated for all feeder lots tested.

Feeder control flasks were evaluated for replication incompetence and flasks containing TIL were evaluated for fold expansion from Day 0 according to Table 22 below.

Day 7, Continuation of Feeder Control Flasks to Day 14

After completing the Day 7 counts of the feeder control flasks, added 15 ml of fresh CM2 medium containing 3000 IU/ml IL-2 to each of the control flasks. Returned the control flasks to the incubator and incubated in an upright position until Day 14.

Day 14, Extended Non-Proliferation of Feeder Control Flasks

Removed flasks from the incubator and transfer to the BSC, care was taken not to disturb the cell layer on the bottom of the flask. Without disturbing the cells growing on the bottom of the flasks, removed approximately 17 ml of medium from each control flasks. Using a 5 ml serological pipet, resuspended the cells in the remaining medium and mixed well to break up any clumps of cells. Recorded the volumes for each flask.

After thoroughly mixing cell suspension by pipetting, removed 200 μl for cell counting. Counted the TIL using the appropriate standard operating procedure in conjunction with the automatic cell counter equipment. Recorded counts.

Repeated for all feeder lots tested.

Results and Acceptance Criteria Results

The dose of gamma irradiation was sufficient to render the feeder cells replication incompetent. All lots were expected to meet the evaluation criteria and also demonstrated a reduction in the total viable number of feeder cells remaining on Day 7 of the REP culture compared to Day 0.

All feeder lots were expected to meet the evaluation criteria of 100-fold expansion of TIL growth by Day 7 of the REP culture.

Day 14 counts of Feeder Control flasks were expected to continue the non-proliferative trend seen on Day 7.

Acceptance Criteria

The following acceptance criteria were met for each replicate TIL line tested for each lot of feeder cells

Acceptance was two-fold, as follows (outlined in Table 22 below).

TABLE 22 Acceptance Criteria Test Acceptance criteria Irradiation of MNC/ No growth observed at 7 and 14 days Replication Incompetence TIL expansion At least a 100-fold expansion of each TIL (minimum of 1.3 × 10⁷ viable cells)

Evaluated whether the dose of radiation was sufficient to render the MNC feeder cells replication incompetent when cultured in the presence of 30 ng/ml OKT3 antibody and 3000 IU/ml IL-2. Replication incompetence was evaluated by total viable cell count (TVC) as determined by automated cell counting on Day 7 and Day 14 of the REP.

Acceptance criteria was “No Growth,” meaning the total viable cell number has not increased on Day 7 and Day 14 from the initial viable cell number put into culture on Day 0 of the REP.

Evaluated the ability of the feeder cells to support TIL expansion. TIL growth was measured in terms of fold expansion of viable cells from the onset of culture on Day 0 of the REP to Day 7 of the REP. On Day 7, TIL cultures achieved a minimum of 100-fold expansion, (i.e., greater than 100 times the number of total viable TIL cells put into culture on REP Day 0), as evaluated by automated cell counting.

Contingency Testing of MNC Feeder Lots that do not Meet Acceptance Criteria

In the event that an MNC feeder lot did not meet the either of the acceptance criteria outlined above, the following steps will be taken to retest the lot to rule out simple experimenter error as its cause.

If there are two or more remaining satellite testing vials of the lot, then the lot was retested. If there were one or no remaining satellite testing vials of the lot, then the lot was failed according to the acceptance criteria listed above.

In order to be qualified, the lot in question and the control lot had to achieve the acceptance criteria above. Upon meeting these criteria, the lot was then released for use.

Example 8: Qualifying Individual Lots of Gamma-Irradiated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

This Example describes a novel abbreviated procedure for qualifying individual lots of gamma-irradiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for use as allogeneic feeder cells in the exemplary methods described herein. This example provides a protocol for the evaluation of irradiated PBMC cell lots for use in the production of clinical lots of TIL. Each irradiated PBMC lot was prepared from an individual donor. Over the course of more than 100 qualification protocols, it was been shown that, in all cases, irradiated PBMC lots from SDBB (San Diego Blood Bank) expand TIL>100-fold on Day 7 of a REP. This modified qualification protocol was intended to apply to irradiated donor PBMC lots from SDBB which were then further tested to verify that the received dose of gamma radiation was sufficient to render them replication incompetent. Once demonstrated that they maintained replication incompetence over the course of 14 days, donor PBMC lots were considered “qualified” for usage to produce clinical lots of TIL.

Background

Gamma-irradiated, growth-arrested PBMC were required for current standard REP of TIL. Membrane receptors on the PBMCs bind to anti-CD3 (clone OKT3) antibody and crosslink to TIL in culture, stimulating the TIL to expand. PBMC lots were prepared from the leukapheresis of whole blood taken from individual donors. The leukapheresis product was subjected to centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque, washed, irradiated, and cryopreserved under GMP conditions.

It is important that patients who received TIL therapy not be infused with viable PBMCs as this could result in Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD). Donor PBMCs are therefore growth-arrested by dosing the cells with gamma-irradiation, resulting in double strand DNA breaks and the loss of cell viability of the PBMCs upon reculture.

Evaluation Criteria

7.2.1 Evaluation criterion for irradiated PBMC lots was their replication incompetency.

Experimental Set-Up

Feeder lots were tested in mini-REP format as if they were to be co-cultured with TIL, using upright T25 tissue culture flasks. Control lot: One lot of irradiated PBMCs, which had historically been shown to meet the criterion of 7.2.1, was run alongside the experimental lots as a control. For each lot of irradiated donor PBMC tested, duplicate flasks were run.

Experimental Protocol Day 0

Prepared ˜90 ml of CM2 medium for each lot of donor PBMC to be tested. Kept CM2 warm in 37° C. water bath. Thawed an aliquot of 6×10⁶ IU/ml IL-2. Returned the CM2 medium to the BSC, wiping with 70% EtOH prior to placing in hood. For each lot of PBMC tested, removed about 60 ml of CM2 to a separate sterile bottle. Added IL-2 from the thawed 6×10⁶ IU/ml stock solution to this medium for a final concentration of 3000 IU/ml. Labeled this bottle as “CM2/IL2” (or similar) to distinguish it from the unsupplemented CM2.

Prepare OKT3

Took out the stock solution of anti-CD3 (OKT3) from the 4° C. refrigerator and placed in the BSC. A final concentration of 30 ng/ml OKT3 was used in the media of the mini-REP. Prepared a 10 μg/ml working solution of anti-CD3 (OKT3) from the 1 mg/ml stock solution. Placed in refrigerator until needed.

For each PBMC lot tested, prepare 150 μl of a 1:100 dilution of the anti-CD3 (OKT3) stock. For example, for testing 4 PBMC lots at one time, prepare 600 μl of 10 μg/ml anti-CD3 (OKT3) by adding 6 μl of the 1 mg/ml stock solution to 594 μl of CM2 supplemented with 3000 IU/ml IL-2.

Prepare Flasks

7.4.8 Added 19 ml per flask of CM2/IL-2 to the labeled T25 flasks and placed flasks into 37° C., humidified, 5% CO₂ incubator while preparing cells.

Prepare Irradiate PBMC

Retrieved vials of PBMC lots to be tested from LN2 storage. These were placed at −80° C. or kept on dry ice prior to thawing. Placed 30 ml of CM2 (without IL-2 supplement) into 50 ml conical tubes for each lot to be thawed. Labeled each tube with the different lot numbers of the PBMC to be thawed. Capped tubes tightly and place in 37° C. water bath prior to use. As needed, returned 50 ml conical tubes to the BSC, wiping with 70% EtOH prior to placing in the hood.

Removed a vial PBMC from cold storage and place in a floating tube rack in a 37° C. water bath to thaw. Allowed thaw to proceed until a small amount of ice remains in the vial. Using a sterile transfer pipet, immediately transferred the contents of the vial into the 30 ml of CM2 in the 50 ml conical tube. Removed about 1 ml of medium from the tube to rinse the vial; returned rinse to the 50 ml conical tube. Capped tightly and swirl gently to wash cells.

Centrifuged at 400×g for 5 min at room temperature. Aspirated the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 1 ml of warm CM2/IL-2 using a 1000 μl pipet tip. Alternately, prior to adding medium, resuspended cell pellet by dragging capped tube along an empty tube rack. After resuspending the cell pellet, brought volume to 4 ml using CM2/IL-2 medium. Recorded volume.

Removed a small aliquot (e.g., 100 μl) for cell counting using an automated cell counter. Performed counts in duplicate according to the particular automated cell counter SOP. It most likely was necessary to perform a dilution of the PBMC prior to performing the cell counts. A recommended starting dilution was 1:10, but this varied depending on the type of cell counter used. Recorded the counts.

Adjusted concentration of PBMC to 1.3×10⁷ cells/ml using CM2/IL-2 medium. Mixed well by gentle swirling or by gently aspirating up-and-down using a serological pipet.

Set Up Culture Flasks

Returned two labeled T25 flasks to the BSC from the tissue culture incubator. Returned the 10 μg/ml vial of anti-CD3/OKT3 to the BSC. Added 1 ml of the 1.3×10⁷ PBMC cell suspension to each flask. Added 60 μl of the 10 μg/ml anti-CD3/OKT3 to each flask. Returned capped flasks to the tissue culture incubators for 14 days of growth without disturbance. Placed anti-CD3/OKT3 vial back into the refrigerator until needed for the next lot. Repeated for each lot of PBMC to be evaluated.

Day 14, Measurement of Non-Proliferation of PBMC

Returned the duplicate T25 flasks to the BSC. For each flask, using a fresh 10 ml serological pipet, removed ˜17 ml from each of the flasks, then carefully pulled up the remaining media to measure the volume remaining in the flasks. Recorded volume.

Mixed sample well by pipetting up and down using the same serological pipet.

Removed a 200 μl sample from each flask for counting. Counted cells using an automated cell counter. Repeated steps 7.4.26-7.4.31 for each lot of PBMC being evaluated.

Results and Acceptance Criterion Results

The dose of gamma irradiation was expected to be sufficient to render the feeder cells replication incompetent. All lots were expected to meet the evaluation criterion, demonstrating a reduction in the total viable number of feeder cells remaining on Day 14 of the REP culture compared to Day 0.

Acceptance Criterion: The following acceptance criterion were met for each irradiated donor PBMC lot tested: “No growth”—meant that the total number of viable cells on Day 14 was less than the initial viable cell number put into culture on Day 0 of the REP.

Contingency Testing of PBMC Lots which do not Meet Acceptance Criterion.

In the event than an irradiated donor PBMC lot did not meet the acceptance criterion above, the following steps were taken to retest the lot to rule out simple experimenter error as the cause of its failure. If there were two or more remaining satellite vials of the lot, then the lot was retested. If there are one or no remaining satellite vials of the lot, then the lot was failed according to the acceptance criterion above.

To be qualified, a PBMC lot going through contingency testing had both the control lot and both replicates of the lot in question achieve the acceptance criterion. Upon meeting this criterion, the lot was then released for use.

Example 9: Preparation of 11-2 Stock Solution (Cellgenix)

This Example describes the process of dissolving purified, lyophilized recombinant human interleukin-2 into stock samples suitable for use in further tissue culture protocols, including all of those described in the present application and Examples, including those that involve using rhIL-2.

Procedure

Prepared 0.2% Acetic Acid solution (HAc). Transferred 29 mL sterile water to a 50 mL conical tube. Added 1 mL 1N acetic acid to the 50 mL conical tube. Mixed well by inverting tube 2-3 times. Sterilized the HAc solution by filtration using a Steriflip filter

Prepare 1% HSA in PBS. Added 4 mL of 25% HSA stock solution to 96 mL PBS in a 150 mL sterile filter unit. Filtered solution. Stored at 4° C. For each vial of rhIL-2 prepared, fill out forms.

Prepared rhIL-2 stock solution (6×10⁶ IU/mL final concentration). Each lot of rh1L-2 was different and required information found in the manufacturer's Certificate of Analysis (COA), such as: 1) Mass of rhIL-2 per vial (mg), 2) Specific activity of rhIL-2 (IU/mg) and 3) Recommended 0.2% HAc reconstitution volume (mL).

Calculated the volume of 1% HSA required for rhIL-2 lot by using the equation below:

${\left( \frac{{Vial}\mspace{14mu}{Mass}\mspace{14mu}({mg}) \times {Biological}\mspace{14mu}{{Activity}\left( \frac{IU}{mg} \right)}}{6 \times 10^{6}\frac{IU}{mL}} \right) - {{HAc}\mspace{14mu}{vol}\mspace{14mu}({mL})}} = {1\%\mspace{14mu}{HSA}\mspace{14mu}{vol}\mspace{14mu}({mL})}$ ${\left( \frac{1\mspace{14mu}{mg} \times 25 \times 10^{6}\frac{IU}{mg}}{6 \times 10^{6}\frac{IU}{mL}} \right) - {2\mspace{14mu}{mL}}} = {2.167\mspace{14mu}{mL}\mspace{14mu}{HSA}}$

For example, according to CellGenix's rhIL-2 lot 10200121 COA, the specific activity for the 1 mg vial is 25×10⁶ 1 U/mg. It recommends reconstituting the rhIL-2 in 2 mL 0.2% HAc.

Wiped rubber stopper of IL-2 vial with alcohol wipe. Using a 16 G needle attached to a 3 mL syringe, injected recommended volume of 0.2% HAc into vial. Took care to not dislodge the stopper as the needle is withdrawn. Inverted vial 3 times and swirled until all powder is dissolved. Carefully removed the stopper and set aside on an alcohol wipe. Added the calculated volume of 1% HSA to the vial.

Storage of rhIL-2 solution. For short-term storage (<72 hrs), stored vial at 4° C. For long-term storage (>72 hrs), aliquoted vial into smaller volumes and stored in cryovials at −20° C. until ready to use. Avoided freeze/thaw cycles. Expired 6 months after date of preparation. Rh-IL-2 labels included vendor and catalog number, lot number, expiration date, operator initials, concentration and volume of aliquot.

Example 10: Cryopreservation Process

This example describes the cryopreservation process method for TILs prepared with the abbreviated, closed procedure described above in Example 8 using the CryoMed Controlled Rate Freezer, Model 7454 (Thermo Scientific).

The equipment used, in addition to that described in Example 9, is as follows: aluminum cassette holder rack (compatible with CS750 freezer bags), cryostorage cassettes for 750 mL bags, low pressure (22 psi) liquid nitrogen tank, refrigerator, thermocouple sensor (ribbon type for bags), and CryoStore CS750 Freezing bags (OriGen Scientific).

The freezing process provides for a 0.5° C. rate from nucleation to −20° C. and 1° C. per minute cooling rate to −80° C. end temperature. The program parameters are as follows: Step 1—wait at 4° C.; Step 2: 1.0° C./min (sample temperature) to −4° C.; Step 3: 20.0° C./min (chamber temperature) to −45° C.; Step 4: 10.0° C./min (chamber temperature) to −10.0° C.; Step 5: 0.5° C./min (chamber temperature) to −20° C.; and Step 6: 1.0° C./min (sample temperature) to −80° C.

Example 11: Production of a Cryopreserved TIL Cell Therapy Using a Closed System

This examples describes the cGMP manufacture of Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. TIL Cell Therapy Process in G-Rex Flasks according to current Good Tissue Practices and current Good Manufacturing Practices. This material will be manufactured under US FDA Good Manufacturing Practices Regulations (21 CFR Part 210, 211, 1270, and 1271), and applicable ICH Q7 standards for Phase I through Commercial Material.

The process summary is provided in Table 23 below.

TABLE 23 Process summary Estimated Estimated Total Day Anticipated Volume (post-seed) Activity Target Criteria Vessels (mL) 0 Tumor Dissection ≤50 desirable tumor fragments G-Rex100MCS 1 flask ≤1000 per G-Rex100MCS 11 REP Seed 5 − 200 × 10⁶ viable cells G-Rex500MCS 1 flasks ≤5000 per G-Rex500MCS 16 REP Split 1 × 10⁹ viable cells G-Rex500MCS ≤5 flasks ≤25000 per G-Rex500MCS 22 Harvest Total available cells 3-4 CS-750 bags ≤530

Throughout this Example, assume 1.0 mL/L=1.0 g/kg, unless otherwise specified. Once opened, the following expiries apply at 2° C.-8° C.: Human Serum, type AB (HI) Gemini, 1 month; 2-mercaptoethanol, 1 month. Gentamicin Sulfate, 50 mg/ml stock may be kept at room temperature for 1 month. Bags containing 10 L of AIM-V media may be warmed at room temperature once only for up to 24 hours prior to use. During the Day 22 harvest two Gatherex™ may be used to harvest the TIL from the G-Rex500MCS flasks.

Day 0 CM1 Media Preparation

Prepared RPMI 1640 Media. In the BSC, using an appropriately sized pipette, removed 100.0 mL from 1000 mL RPMI 1640 Media and placed into an appropriately sized container labeled “Waste”.

In the BSC added reagents to RPMI 1640 Media bottle. Added the following reagents to the RPMI 1640 Media bottle as shown in table. Recorded volumes added. Amount Added per bottle: Heat Inactivated Human AB Serum (100.0 mL); GlutaMax (10.0 mL); Gentamicin sulfate, 50 mg/mL (1.0 mL); 2-mercaptoethanol (1.0 mL)

Capped RPMI 1640 Media bottle and swirled bottle to ensure reagents were mixed thoroughly. Filtered RPMI 1640 Media from Step 8.1.6 through 1 L 0.22-micron filter unit. Labeled filtered media. Aseptically capped the filtered media and labeled with the following information.

Thawed one 1.1 mL IL-2 aliquot (6×10⁶ IU/mL) (BR71424) until all ice had melted. Recorded IL-2: Lot # and Expiry. Transferred IL-2 stock solution to media. In the BSC, transferred 1.0 mL of IL-2 stock solution to the CM1 Day 0 Media Bottle prepared in Step 8.1.8. Added CM1 Day 0 Media 1 bottle and IL-2 (6×10⁶ IU/mL) 1.0 mL. Capped and swirled the bottle to mix media containing IL-2. Relabeled as “Complete CM1 Day 0 Media”.

Removed 20.0 mL of media using an appropriately sized pipette and dispensed into a 50 mL conical tube. In BSC, transferred 25.0 mL of “Complete CM1 Day 0 Media” (prepared in Step 8.1.13) to a 50 mL conical tube. Labeled the tube as “Tissue Pieces”. Aseptically passed G-Rex100MCS (W3013130) into the BSC. In the BSC, closed all clamps on the G-Rex100MCS, leaving vent filter clamp open. Connected the red line of G-Rex100MCS flask to the larger diameter end of the repeater pump fluid transfer set (W3009497) via luer connection. Staged Baxa pump next to BSC. Removed pump tubing section of repeater pump fluid transfer set from BSC and installed in repeater pump. Within the BSC, removed the syringe from Pumpmatic Liquid-Dispensing System (PLDS) (W3012720) and discarded.

Connected PLDS pipette to the smaller diameter end of repeater pump fluid transfer set via luer connection and placed pipette tip in “Complete CM1 Day 0 Media” for aspiration. Opened all clamps between media and G-Rex100MCS. Pumped Complete CM1 media into G-Rex100MCS flask. Set the pump speed to “High” and “9” and pumped all Complete CM1 Day 0 Media into G-Rex100MCS flask. Once all media was transferred, cleared the line and stopped pump.

Disconnected pump from flask. Ensured all clamps were closed on the flask, except vent filter. Removed the repeater pump fluid transfer set from the red media line, and placed a red cap (W3012845) on the red media line. Removed G-Rex100MCS flask from BSC, heated seal off the red cap from the red line near the terminal luer. Labeled G-Rex100MCS flask with QA provided in-process “Day 0” label. Attached sample “Day 0” label below. Incubator parameters: 37.0±2.0° C.; CO2 Percentage: 5.0±1.5% CO₂.

Placed the 50 mL conical tube” in incubator for ≥30 minutes of warming.

Day 0 Tumor Wash Media Preparation

Added Gentamicin to HBSS. In the BSC, added 5.0 mL Gentamicin (W3009832 or W3012735) to 1×500 mL HBSS Media (W3013128) bottle. Recorded volumes. Added per bottle: HBSS (500.0 mL); Gentamicin sulfate, 50 mg/ml (5.0 mL). Mixed reagents thoroughly. Filtered HBSS containing gentamicin prepared in Step 8.2.1 through a 1 L 0.22-micron filter unit (W1218810). Aseptically capped the filtered media and labeled with the following information.

Day 0 Tumor Processing

Obtained tumor specimen and transferred into suite at 2-8° C. immediately for processing and recorded tumor information. Labeled three 50 ml conical tubes: the first as “Forceps,” the second as “Scalpel,” and the third as “Fresh Tumor Wash Media”. Labeled 5×100 mm petri dishes as “Wash 1,” “Wash 2,” “Wash 3,” “Holding,” and “Unfavorable.” Labeled one 6 well plate as “Favorable Intermediate Fragments.”

Using an appropriately sized pipette, transferred 5.0 mL of “Tumor Wash Media” into each well of one 6-well plate for favorable intermediate tumor fragments (30.0 mL total). Using an appropriately sized pipette, transferred 50.0 mL of “Tumor Wash Media” prepared in Step 8.2.4 into each 100 mm petri dish for “Wash 1,” “Wash 2,” “Wash 3,” and “Holding” (200.0 mL total). Using an appropriately sized pipette, transfer 20.0 mL of “Tumor Wash Media” prepared in Step 8.2.4 into each 50 mL conical (60.0 mL total). Aseptically removed lids from two 6-well plates. The lids were utilized for selected tumor pieces. Aseptically passed the tumor into the BSC. Recorded processing start time.

Tumor Wash 1: Using forceps, removed the tumor from the specimen bottle and transferred to the “Wash 1”. Using forceps, gently washed tumor and record time. Transferred 20.0 mL (or available volume) of solution from the tumor specimen bottle into a 50 mL conical per sample plan. Labeled and stored bioburden sample collected at 2-8° C. until submitted for testing.

Tumor Wash 2: Using a new set of forceps, removed the tumor from the “Wash 1” dish and transferred to the “Wash 2” dish. Using forceps, washed tumor specimen by gently agitating for ≥3 minutes and allowed it to sit. Recorded time.

Using a transfer pipette, placed 4 individual drops of Tumor Wash Media from the conical into each of the 6 circles on the upturned lids of the 6-well plates (2 lids). Placed an extra drop on two circles for a total of 50 drops.

Tumor Wash 3: Using forceps, removed the tumor from the “Wash 2” dish and transferred to the “Wash 3” dish. Using forceps, washed tumor specimen by gently agitating and allowed it to sit for ≥3 minutes. Recorded time.

Placed a ruler under 150 mm dish lid. Using forceps, aseptically transferred tumor specimen to the 150 mm dissection dish lid. Arranged all pieces of tumor specimen end to end and recorded the approximate overall length and number of fragments. Assessed the tumor for necrotic/fatty tissue. Assessed whether >30% of entire tumor area observed to be necrotic and/or fatty tissue; if yes, ensure tumor was of appropriate size if so proceeded. Assessed whether <30% of entire tumor area were observed to be necrotic or fatty tissue; if yes, proceeded.

Clean-Up Dissection. If tumor was large and >30% of tissue exterior was observed to be necrotic/fatty, performed “clean up dissection” by removing necrotic/fatty tissue while preserving tumor inner structure using a combination of scalpel and/or forceps. To maintain tumor internal structure, used only vertical cutting pressure. Did not cut in a sawing motion with scalpel.

Using a combination of scalpel and/or forceps, cut the tumor specimen into even, appropriately sized fragments (up to 6 intermediate fragments). To maintain tumor internal structure, use only vertical cutting pressure. Did not cut in a sawing motion with scalpel. Ensured to keep non-dissected intermediate fragments completely submerged in “Tumor Wash Media”. Transferred each intermediate fragment to the “holding” dish

Manipulated one intermediate fragment at a time, dissected the tumor intermediate fragment in the dissection dish into pieces approximately 3×3×3 mm in size, minimizing the amount of hemorrhagic, necrotic, and/or fatty tissues on each piece. To maintain tumor internal structure, used only vertical cutting pressure. Did not cut in a sawing motion with scalpel.

Selected up to eight (8) tumor pieces without hemorrhagic, necrotic, and/or fatty tissue. Used the ruler for reference. Continued dissection until 8 favorable pieces have been obtained, or the entire intermediate fragment has been dissected. Transferred each selected piece to one of the drops of “Tumor Wash Media”.

After selecting up to eight (8) pieces from the intermediate fragment, placed remnants of intermediate fragment into a new single well of “Favorable Intermediate Fragments” 6-well plate.

If desirable tissue remains, selected additional Favorable Tumor Pieces from the “favorable intermediate fragments” 6-well plate to fill the drops for a maximum of 50 pieces. Recorded the total number of dissected pieces created.

Removed the “Tissue Pieces” 50 mL conical tube from the incubator. Ensured conical tube was warmed for ≥30 min. Passed “Tissue Pieces” 50 mL conical into the BSC, ensuring not to compromise the sterility of open processing surfaces.

Using a transfer pipette, scalpel, forceps or combination, transferred the selected 50 best tumor fragments from favorable dish lids to the “Tissue Pieces” 50 mL conical tube. If a tumor piece was dropped during transfer and desirable tissue remains, additional pieces from the favorable tumor intermediate fragment wells were added. Recorded numbers of pieces.

Removed G-Rex100MCS containing media from incubator. Aseptically passed G-Rex100MCS flask into the BSC. When transferring the flask, did not hold from the lid or the bottom of the vessel. Transferred the vessel by handling the sides. In the BSC, lifted G-Rex100MCS flask cap, ensuring that sterility of internal tubing was maintained. Swirled conical tube with tumor pieces to suspend and quickly poured the contents into the G-Rex100MCS flask. Ensured that the tumor pieces were evenly distributed across the membrane of the flask. Gently tilted the flask back and forth if necessary to evenly distribute the tumor pieces. Recorded number of tumor fragments on bottom membrane of vessel and number of observed to be floating in vessel. NOTE: If the number of fragments seeded were NOT equivalent to number of collected in Step 8.3.36H, contacted Area Management, and document in Section 10.0.

Incubated G-Rex100MCS at the following parameters: Incubated G-Rex flask: Temperature LED Display: 37.0±2.0° C.; CO2 Percentage: 5.0±1.5% CO2. Performed calculations to determine the proper time to remove G-Rex100MCS incubator on Day 11. Calculations: Time of incubation; lower limit=time of incubation+252 hours; upper limit=time of incubation+276 hours.

Day 11—Media Preparation

Monitored Incubator. Incubator parameters: Temperature LED Display: 37.0±2.0° C.; CO2 Percentage: 5.0±1.5% CO2. Warmed 3×1000 mL RPMI 1640 Media (W3013112) bottles and 3×1000 mL AIM-V (W3009501) bottles in an incubator for ≥30 minutes. Recorded time. Media: RPMI 1640 and AIM-V. Placed an additional 1×1000 ml bottle of AIM-V Media (W3009501) at room temperature for further use.

Removed the RPMI 1640 Media when time was reached. Record end incubation time in Step 8.4.4. Ensure media was warmed for ≥30 min. In the BSC, removed 100.0 mL from each of the three pre-warmed 1000 mL RPMI 1640 Media bottles and placed into an appropriately sized container labeled “Waste”. In the BSC added the following reagents to each of the three RPMI 1640 Media bottles and recorded volumes added to each bottle. GemCell Human serum, Heat Inactivated Type AB (100.0 mL), GlutaMax (10.0 mL), Gentamicin sulfate, 50 mg/ml (1.0 mL), 2-mercaptoethanol (1.0 mL).

Caped bottles and swirled to ensure reagents were mixed thoroughly. Filtered each bottle of media through a separate 1 L 0.22-micron filter unit. Aseptically capped the filtered media and labeled each bottle with CM1 Day 11 Media. Thawed 3×1.1 mL aliquots of IL-2 (6×10⁶ IU/mL) (BR71424) until all ice had melted Recorded IL 2 lot # and Expiry.

Removed the three bottles of AIM-V Media from the incubator. Recorded end incubation time. Ensured media had been warmed for ≥30 minutes. Using a micropipette, added 3.0 mL of thawed IL-2 into one 1 L bottle of pre-warmed AIM-V media. Rinse micropipette tip with media after dispensing IL-2. Use a new sterile micropipette tip for each aliquot. Recorded the total volume added. Labeled bottle as “AIM-V Containing IL-2”. Aseptically transferred a 10 L Labtainer Bag and a repeater pump transfer set into the BSC. Closed all lines on a 10 L Labtainer bag. Attached the larger diameter tubing end of a repeater pump transfer set to the middle female port of the 10 L Labtainer Bag via luer lock connection.

Staged the Baxa pump next to the BSC. Fed the transfer set tubing through the Baxa pump. Set the Baxa Pump to “High” and “9”. Removed syringe from Pumpmatic Liquid-Dispensing System (PLDS) and discarded. Ensured to not compromise the sterility of the PLDS pipette.

Connected PLDS pipette to smaller diameter end of repeater pump fluid transfer set via luer connection and placed pipette tip in AIM-V media containing IL-2 bottle (prepared in Step 8.4.13) for aspiration. Opened all clamps between media bottle and 10 L Labtainer.

Using the PLDS, transfer pre-warmed AIM-V media containing IL-2 prepared in Step 8.4.13, as well as two additional AIM-V bottles into the 10 L Labtainer bag. Added the three bottles of filtered CM1 Day 11 Media from Step 8.4.10. After addition of final bottle, cleared the line to the bag. NOTE: Stopped the pump between addition of each bottle of media. Removed PLDS from the transfer set and placed a red cap on the luer of the line in the BSC. Gently massaged the bag to mix. Labeled the media bag with the following information. Expiration date was 24 hours from the preparation date.

Attached a 60 mL syringe to the available female port of the “Complete CM2 Day 11 Media” bag. Removed 20.0 mL of media and place in a 50 mL conical tube. Placed a red cap on the female port of the “Complete CM2 Day 11 Media” Bag. Labeled and stored Media Retain Sample at 2-8° C. until submitted for testing. Heat sealed off the red cap on the transfer set line, close to red cap. Kept the transfer set on the bag.

In the BSC, added 4.5 mL of AIM-V Media that had been labelled with “For Cell Count Dilutions” and lot number to four 15 mL conical tubes. Labeled the tubes with the lot number and tube number (1-4). Labeled 4 cryovials “Feeder” and vial number (1-4). Transferred any remaining 2-mercaptoethanol, GlutaMax, and human serum from the BSC to 2-8° C.

Outside of the BSC, weld a 1 L Transfer Pack to the transfer set attached to the “Complete CM2 Day 11 Media” bag prepared. Labeled transfer pack as “Feeder Cell CM2 Media” and lot number. Made a mark on the tubing of the 1 L Transfer Pack tubing a few inches away from the bag. Placed the empty Transfer Pack onto the scale so that the tubing was on the scale to the point of the mark. Tared the scale and left the empty Transfer Pack on the scale.

Set the Baxa pump to “Medium” and “4.” Pumped 500.0±5.0 mL of “Complete CM2 Day 11” media prepared in Step 8.4.22 into Cell CM2 Media” transfer pack. Measured by weight and recorded the volume of Complete CM2 media added to the Transfer Pack.

Once filled, heated seal the line. Separated CM2 Day 11 media bag with transfer set from feeder cell media transfer pack, kept weld toward 1 L transfer pack. Placed “Complete CM2 Day 11 Media” prepared in incubator until use.

Day 11—TIL Harvest

Incubator parameters: Temperature LED Display: 37.0±2.0° C.; CO2 Percentage: 5.0±1.5% CO2. Performed check to ensure incubation parameters are met before removing G-Rex100MCS from incubator. Lower limits the same as described above.

Recorded Time of Removal from incubator. Carefully removed G-Rex100MCS from incubator and ensured all clamps were closed except large filter line. Recorded processing start time.

Labeled a 300 mL Transfer pack as “TIL Suspension”. Sterile welded the TIL Suspension transfer (single line) of a Gravity Blood Filter. Placed the 300 mL Transfer Pack on a scale and record dry weight. Labeled 1 L Transfer Pack as “Supernatant”.

Sterile welded the red media removal line from the G-Rex100MCS to the “Supernatant” transfer pack. Sterile welded the clear cell removal line from the G-Rex100MCS to one of the two spike lines on the top of the blood filter connected to the “TIL Suspension” transfer pack. Placed G-Rex100MCS on the left side of the GatheRex and the “Supernatant” and “TIL Suspension” transfer packs to the right side.

Install the red media removal line from the G Rex100MCS to the top clamp (marked with a red line) and tubing guides on the GatheRex. Installed the clear harvest line from the G-Rex100MCS to the bottom clamp (marked with a blue line) and tubing guides on the GatheRex. Attached the gas line from the GatheRex to the sterile filter of the G-Rex100MCS flask. Before removing the supernatant from the G-Rex100MCS flask, ensured all clamps on the cell removal lines were closed. Transferred ˜900 mL of culture supernatant from the G-Rex100MCS to the 1 L Transfer Pack. Visually inspected G-Rex100MCS flask to ensure flask is level and media has been reduced to the end of the aspirating dip tube.

After removal of the supernatant, closed all clamps to the red line.

Vigorously tapped flask and swirled media to release cells. Performed an inspection of the flask to ensure all cells have detached. NOTE: Contacted area management if cells did not detach. Tilted flask away from collection tubing and allowed tumor pieces to settle along edge. Slowly tipped flask toward collection tubing so pieces remained on the opposite side of the flask. If the cell collection straw is not at the junction of the wall and bottom membrane, rapping the flask while tilted at a 450 angle is usually sufficient to properly position the straw.

Released all clamps leading to the TIL Suspension transfer pack. Using the GatheRex, transferred the cell suspension through the blood filter into the 300 mL transfer pack. Maintained the tilted edge until all cells and media are collected. Inspected membrane for adherent cells. Rinsed the bottom of the G-Rex100MCS. Cover ˜¼ of gas exchange membrane with rinse media. Ensured all clamps are closed. Heat sealed (per Process Note 5.12) the TIL suspension transfer pack as close to the weld as possible so that the overall tubing length remains approximately the same. Heat sealed the “Supernatant” transfer pack. Maintained enough line to weld. Recorded weight of TIL Suspension transfer pack and calculated the volume of cell suspension.

Welded a 4″ plasma transfer set to “supernatant” transfer pack, retaining the luer connection on the 4″ plasma transfer set, and transferred into the BSC. Welded a 4″ plasma transfer set to 300 mL “TIL Suspension” transfer pack, retained the luer connection on the 4″ plasma transfer set, and transferred into the BSC.

Drew up approximately 20.0 mL of supernatant from the 1 L “Supernatant” transfer pack and dispense into a sterile 50 mL conical tube labeled “Bac-T.” Removed a 1.0 mL sample from the 50 mL conical labeled BacT using an appropriately sized syringe and inoculated the anaerobic bottle.

Labeled 4 cryovials with vial number (1-4). Using separate 3 mL syringes, pulled 4×1.0 mL cell count samples from TIL Suspension Transfer Pack using the luer connection, and placed in respective cryovials. Placed a red cap (W3012845) on the line. Placed TIL Transfer Pack in incubator until needed. Perform cell counts and calculations. Perform initial cell counts undiluted. If no dilution needed, “Sample [μL]”=200, “Dilution [μL]”=0.

Record cell counts and TIL numbers. If Total Viable TIL Cells is <5×10⁶ cells, proceeded to “Day 11 G-Rex Fill and Seed”. If Total Viable TIL Cells is >5×10⁶, proceed to “Calculation for flow cytometry”.

Calculation for Flow Cytometry.

If the Total Viable TIL Cell count was ≥4.0×10⁷, calculated the volume to obtain 1.0×10⁷ cells for the flow cytometry sample. Total viable cells required for flow cytometry: 1.0×10⁷ cells. Volume of cells required for flow cytometry: Viable cell concentration divided by 1.0×10⁷ cells.

If Applicable: Recalculated Total Viable Cells and Volume flow. Calculated the remaining Total Viable Cells and remaining volume after the removal of cytometry sample below.

TIL Cryopreservation of Sample

If Applicable: Calculated Volume for Cryopreservation. Calculated the volume of cells required to obtain 1×10⁷ cells for cryopreservation.

TABLE 24 Cryopreservation calculation Volume of Cells Total Viable TIL required for required for Viable Cell cryopreservation cryopreservation Concentration C = A ÷ B A. 1 × 10⁷ cells B. cells/mL C. mL

If Applicable: Removed sample for Cryopreservation. Removed the calculated volume from the TIL Suspension transfer pack. Placed in appropriately sized conical tube and label as “Cryopreservation Sample 1×10⁷ cells,” dated, and lot number. Placed a red cap (W3012845) on the TIL Suspension transfer pack.

Centrifuged the “Cryopreservation Sample 1×10⁷ cells” according to the following parameters: Speed: 350×g, Time: 10:00 minutes, Temperature: Ambient, Brake: Full (9); Acceleration: Full (9).

Added CS-10. In BSC, aseptically aspirate supernatant. Gently tap bottom of tube to resuspend cells in remaining fluid. Added CS-10. Slowly added 0.5 mL of CS10. Recorded volume added. Cryopreservation Sample Vials Filled at ˜0.5 mL.

Day 11—Feeder Cells

Obtained 3 bags of feeder cells with at least two different lot numbers from LN2 freezer. Kept cells on dry ice until ready to thaw. Recorded feeder cell information. Confirmed that at least two different lots of feeder cells were obtained. Placed the Feeder Cell bags into individual zip top bags, based on Lot number, and thawed 37.0±2.0° C. water bath or cytotherm for ˜3-5 minutes or until ice has just disappeared.

Feeder cell harness preparation. Welded 4S-4M60 to a CC2 Cell Connect (W3012820), replacing a single spike of the Cell Connect apparatus with the 4-spike end of the 4S-4M60 manifold. Welded as needed.

Attached media transfer pack Weld the “Feeder Cell CM2 Media” transfer pack to a CC2 luer. The bag will be attached to the side of the harness with the needless injection port. Transferred the assembly containing the Complete CM2 Day 11 Media into the BSC.

Pool thawed feeder cells. Within the BSC, pulled 10 mL of air into a 100 mL syringe. Used this to replace the 60 mL syringe on the CC2. Wiped each port on the feeder cell bags with an alcohol pad prior to removing the cover. Spike the three feeder bags using three of the spikes of the CC2. Maintained constant pressure while turning the spike in one direction. Ensure to not puncture the side of the port. Opened the stopcock so that the line from the feeder cell bags is open and the line to the needless injection port is closed. Drew up the contents of the feeder cell bags into the syringe. All three bags drained at once. Once feeder cell bags had been drained, while maintaining pressure on the syringe, clamped off the line to the feeder cell bags. Did not detach syringe below. the syringe from the harness. Recorded the total volume of feeder cells in the syringe.

Added feeder cells to transfer pack. Turned the stopcock so the line to the feeder cell bag was closed and the line to the media Transfer Pack was open. Ensured the line to media transfer pack is unclamped. Dispensed the feeder cells from the syringe into the “Feeder Cell CM2 Media” transfer pack. Clamped off the line to the transfer pack containing the feeder cells and leave the syringe attached to the harness. Massaged bag to mix the pooled feeder cells in the transfer pack. Labeled bag as “Feeder Cell Suspension”.

Calculated the total volume of feeder cell suspension. Removed cell count samples. Using a separate 3 mL syringe for each sample, pulled 4×1.0 mL cell count samples from Feeder Cell Suspension Transfer Pack using the needless injection port. Aliquoted each sample into labeled cryovials.

Performed cell counts and calculations utilizing NC-200 and Process Note 5.14. Diluted cell count samples by adding 0.5 mL of cell suspension into 4.5 mL of AIM-V media labelled with the lot number and “For Cell Count Dilutions”. This will give a 1:10 dilution.

Recorded Cell Count and Sample volumes. If Total Viable Cells are <5×10⁹, proceed. If Total Viable Cells are ≥5×10⁹, proceeded as above for higher cells counts. Obtained additional Feeder Cells as needed and added to transfer pack as discussed above. Calculated the volume of Feeder Cell Suspension that was required to obtain 5×10⁹ viable feeder cells. Calculated the volume of excess feeder cells to remove. Round down to nearest whole number.

Removed excess feeder cells. In a new 100 mL syringe, pulled up 10 mL of air and attached the syringe to the harness. Opened the line to the “Feeder Cell Suspension” transfer pack. Using the syringe drew up the volume of feeder cells calculated in Step 8.6.71C plus an additional 10.0 mL from the Transfer Pack into a 100 mL syringe. Closed the line to the Feeder Cell Suspension transfer pack once the volume of feeder cells is removed. Did not remove final syringe. Once a syringe has been filled, replaced it with a new syringe. Multiple syringes could be used to remove total volume. With each new syringe, pulled in 10 mL of air. Recorded the total volume (including the additional 10 mL) of feeder cells removed.

Added OKT3. In the BSC, using a 1.0 mL syringe and 16 G needle, drew up 0.15 mL of OKT3. Aseptically removed the needle from the syringe and attach the syringe to the needless injection port. Injected the OKT3. Opened the stopcock to the “Feeder Cell Suspension” transfer pack and added 10 mL of feeder cells removed in Step 8.6.73 to flush OKT3 through the line. Turned the syringe upside down and push air through to clear the line to the Feeder Cell Suspension transfer pack. Left the remaining feeder cell suspension in the syringe. Closed all clamps and remove the harness from the BSC. Heat sealed the Feeder Cell Suspension transfer pack, leaving enough tubing to weld.

Day 11 G-Rex Fill and Seed

Set up G-Rex500MCS. Removed a G-Rex500MCS from packaging and inspected the flask for any cracks or kinks in the tubing. Ensured all luer connections and closures were tight. Closed all clamps on the G-Rex500MCS lines except for the vent filter line. Using a marker drew a line at the 4.5 L gradation. Removed the “Complete CM2 Day 11 Media”, from the incubator.

Prepared to pump media. Welded the red line of the G-Rex500MCS to the repeater pump transfer set attached to the complete CM2 Day 11 Media. Hung the “Complete CM2 Day 11 Media” bag on an IV pole. Fed the pump tubing through the Baxa pump. Pumped media into G-Rex500MCS. Set the Baxa pump to “High” and “9”. Pumped 4.5 L of media into the G-Rex500MCS, filling to the line marked on the flask at the 4.5 L gradation. Heat sealed the red line of the G-Rex500MCS near the weld. Labeled the flask with the “Day 11” label. Welded the Feeder Cell: Suspension transfer pack to the flask. Sterile welded the red line of the G-Rex500MCS to the “Feeder Cell Suspension” transfer pack.

Added Feeder Cells to G-Rex500MCS. Opened all clamps between Feeder Cell Suspension and G-Rex500MCS and added Feeder Cell Suspension to flask by gravity feed. Heat sealed the red line near the weld. Welded the TIL Suspension transfer pack to the flask. Sterile weld the red line of the G-Rex500MCS to the “TIL Suspension” transfer pack.

Added TIL to G-Rex500MCS. Opened all clamps between TIL Suspension and G-Rex500MCS and added TIL Suspension to flask by gravity feed. Heat sealed the red line near the weld to remove the TIL suspension bag.

Incubated G-Rex500MCS. Checked that all clamps on the G-Rex500MCS were closed except the large filter line and place in the incubator. Incubator parameters: Temperature LED Display: 37.0±2.0° C., CO2 Percentage: 5.0±1.5% CO2.

Calculated incubation window. Performed calculations to determine the proper time to remove G-Rex500MCS from incubator on Day 16. Lower limit: Time of incubation+108 hours. Upper limit: Time of incubation+132 hours.

Day 11 Excess TIL Cryopreservation

Froze Excess TIL Vials. Recorded and verified the total number of vials placed into the Control Rate Freezer (CRF). Upon completion of freeze, transfer vials from CRF to the appropriate storage container.

Day 16 Media Preparation

Pre-warmed AIM-V Media. Removed three CTS AIM V 10 L media bags from 2-8° C. at least 12 hours prior to use and place at room temperature protected from light. Labeled each bag. Record warming start time and date. Ensured all bags have been warmed for a duration between 12 and 24 hours.

Attached the larger diameter end of a fluid pump transfer set to one of the female ports of a 10 L Labtainer bag using the Luer connectors. Setup 10 L Labtainer for Supernatant Label as “Supernatant”. Setup 10 L Labtainer for Supernatant. Ensure all clamps were closed prior to removing from the BSC.

Thawed 5×1.1 mL aliquots of IL-2 (6×10⁶ IU/mL) (BR71424) per bag of CTS AIM V media until all ice had melted. Aliquoted 100.0 mL of Glutamax into an appropriately sized receiver. Recorded the volume added to each receiver and labeled each receiver as “GlutaMax.”

Added IL-2 to GlutaMax. Using a micropipette, added 5.0 mL of IL-2 to each GlutaMax receiver. Ensured to rinse the tip per process note 5.18 and used a new pipette tip for each mL added. Recorded volume added to each Glutamax receiver and labeled each receiver as “GlutaMax+IL-2” and receiver number.

Prepared CTS AIM V media bag for formulation. Ensured CTS AIM V 10 L media bag (W3012717) was warmed at room temperature and protected from light for 12-24 hours prior to use. Recorded end incubation time. In the BSC, closed clamp on a 4″ plasma transfer set, then connected to the bag using the spike ports. Maintained constant pressure while turning the spike in one direction. Ensured to not puncture the side of the port. Connected the larger diameter end of a repeater pump fluid transfer set to the 4″ plasma transfer set via luer.

Stage Baxa pump next to BSC. Removed pump tubing section of repeater pump fluid transfer set from BSC and installed in repeater pump.

Prepared to formulate media. In BSC, removed syringe from Pumpmatic Liquid-Dispensing System (PLDS) and discarded. Ensured to not compromise the sterility of the PLDS pipette. Connected PLDS pipette to smaller diameter end of repeater pump fluid transfer set via luer connection and placed pipette tip in “GlutaMax+IL-2” prepared above for aspiration. Open all clamps between receiver and 10 L bag.

Pumped GlutaMax+IL-2 into bag. Set the pump speed to “Medium” and “3” and pump all “GlutaMax+IL-2” into 10 L CTS AIM V media bag. Once no solution remains, clear line and stop pump. Recorded the volume of GlutaMax containing IL-2 added to each Aim V bag below.

Removed PLDS. Ensured all clamps were closed, and removed the PLDS pipette from the repeater pump fluid transfer set. Removed repeater pump fluid transfer set and red cap the 4″ plasma transfer set.

Labeled each bag of “Complete CM4 Day 16 media” prepared.

Removed Media Retain per Sample Plan. Using a 30 mL syringe, removed 20.0 mL of “Complete CM4 Day 16 media” by attaching syringe to the 4″ plasma transfer set and dispensed sample into a 50 mL conical tube. Ensure 4″ plasma transfer set was either clamped or red capped after removal of syringe.

Attached new repeater pump fluid transfer set. Attached the larger diameter end of a new fluid pump transfer set onto the 4″ plasma transfer set that was connected to the “Complete CM4 Day 16 media” bag. Labeled with sample plan inventory label and stored media retain sample at 2-8° C. until submitted for testing.

Monitored Incubator. If applicable, monitor for additional bags prepared. Incubator parameters: Temperature LED Display: 37.0±2.0° C., CO2 Percentage: 5.0±1.5% CO2.

Warmed Complete CM4 Day 16 Media. Warmed the first bag of Complete CM4 Day 16 Media in incubator for ≥30 minutes until ready for use. If applicable, warmed additional bags.

Prepared Dilutions. In the BSC, added 4.5 mL of AIM-V Media that had been labelled with “For Cell Count Dilutions” to each 4×15 mL conical tube. Labeled the conical tubes. Labeled 4 cryovials.

Day 16 REP Spilt

Monitored Incubator. Incubator parameters: Temperature LED Display: 37.0±2.0° C., CO2 Percentage: 5.0±1.5% CO2

Removed G-Rex500MCS from Incubator. Performed check below to ensure incubation parameters are met before removing G-Rex500MCS from incubator: upper limit, lower limit, time of removal. Removed G-Rex500MCS from the incubator.

Heat sealed a 1 L transfer pack (W3006645), leaving ˜12″ of line. Labeled 1 L transfer pack as TIL Suspension. Place 1 L transfer pack, including the entire line, on a scale and record dry weight.

GatheRex Setup. Sterile welded the red media removal line from the G-Rex500MCS to the repeater pump transfer set on the 10 L labtainer bag “Supernatant” prepared above. Sterile welded the clear cell removal line from the G-Rex500MCS to the TIL Suspension transfer pack prepared above. Placed G-Rex500MCS flask on the left side of the GatheRex. Placed the supernatant labtainer bag and TIL suspension transfer pack to the right side. Installed the red media removal line from the G-Rex500MCS to the top clamp (marked with a red line) and tubing guides on the GatheRex. Installed the clear harvest line from the G-Rex500MCS to the bottom clamp (marked with a blue line) and tubing guides on the GatheRex. Attached the gas line from the GatheRex to the sterile filter of the G-Rex500 MCS. NOTE: Before removing the supernatant from the G-Rex500MCS, ensured all clamps on the cell removal lines were closed.

Volume Reduction of G-Rex500MCS. Transferred ˜4.5 L of culture supernatant from the G-Rex500MCS to the 10 L Labtainer per SOP-01777. Visually inspect G-Rex500MCS to ensure flask as level and media had been reduced to the end of the aspirating dip tube.

Prepared flask for TIL Harvest. After removal of the supernatant, closed all clamps to the red line.

Initiation of TIL Harvest. Recorded the start time of the TIL harvest. Vigorously tap flask and swirl media to release cells. Performed an inspection of the flask to ensure all cells have detached. Tilted the flask to ensure hose is at the edge of the flask. If the cell collection straw is not at the junction of the wall and bottom membrane, rapping the flask while tilted at a 450 angle is usually sufficient to properly position the straw.

TIL Harvest. Released all clamps leading to the TIL suspension transfer pack. Using the GatheRex transferred the cell suspension into the TIL Suspension transfer pack. NOTE: Be sure to maintain the tilted edge until all cells and media are collected. Inspected membrane for adherent cells.

Rinsed flask membrane. Rinsed the bottom of the G-Rex500MCS. Cover ˜¼ of gas exchange membrane with rinse media. Closed clamps on G-Rex500MCS. Ensured all clamps were closed on the G-Rex500MCS.

Heat sealed. Heat sealed the Transfer Pack containing the TIL as close to the weld as possible so that the overall tubing length remained approximately the same. Heat sealed the 10 L Labtainer containing the supernatant and passed into the BSC for sample collection.

Recorded weight of Transfer Pack with cell suspension and calculate the volume suspension. Prepared transfer pack for sample removal. Welded a 4″ Plasma Transfer Set, to the TIL Suspension transfer pack from above, leaving the female luer end attached as close to the bag as possible.

Removed testing samples from cell supernatant. In the BSC, remove 10.0 mL of supernatant from 10 L labtainer using female luer port and appropriately sized syringe. Placed into a 15 mL conical tube and label as “BacT” and Retain the tube for BacT sample. Using a separate syringe, removed 10.0 mL of supernatant and placed into a 15 mL conical tube. Retained the tube for mycoplasma sample for testing. Labeled tube as “Mycoplasma diluent”. Closed supernatant bag. Placed a red cap on the luer port to close the bag, and pass out of BSC.

Removed Cell Count Samples. In the BSC, using separate 3 mL syringes for each sample, removed 4×1.0 mL cell count samples from “TIL Suspension” transfer pack using the luer connection. Placed samples in cryovials prepared above.

Removed Mycoplasma Samples. Using a 3 mL syringe, removed 1.0 mL from TIL Suspension transfer pack and place into 15 mL conical labeled “Mycoplasma diluent” prepared above. Labeled and stored Mycoplasma sample at 2-8° C. until submitted for testing.

Prepared Transfer Pack for Seeding. In the BSC, attached the large diameter tubing end of a Repeater Pump Fluid Transfer Set to the Luer adapter on the transfer pack containing the TIL. Clamped the line close to the transfer pack using a hemostat. Placed a red cap onto the end of the transfer set.

Placed TIL in Incubator. Removed cell suspension from the BSC and place in incubator until needed. Recorded time.

Performed Cell Counts. Performed cell counts and calculations utilizing NC-200. Diluted cell count samples initially by adding 0.5 mL of cell suspension into 4.5 mL of AIM-V media prepared above. This gave a 1:10 dilution.

Calculated flasks for subculture. Calculated the total number of flasks to seed. NOTE: Rounded the number of G-Rex500MCS flasks to see up to the neared whole number.

TABLE 25 Flask calculation Target Cells Number Total Viable Required of G-Rex500MCS Cell Count per Flask Flasks to Seed A B C = A ÷ B cells 1.0 × 10⁹ cells/flask flasks

The maximum number of G-Rex500MCS flasks to seed was five. If the calculated number of flasks to seed exceeded five, only five were seeded USING THE ENTIRE VOLUME OF CELL SUSPENSION AVAILABLE.

Determined number of additional media bags needed. Calculated the number of media bags required in addition to the bag prepared above. Round the number of media bags required up to the next whole number.

TABLE 26 Media bag calculation Number of Number of Number of Number of G-Rex500MCS Media Bag Bags Prepared Additional Bags Flasks to Seed Required in above to Prepare A B = A ÷ 2* C D = B − C 1

Prepared additional media as needed. Prepared one 10 L bag of “CM4 Day 16 Media” for every two G-Rex-500M flask needed calculated in Step 8.10.59D. Proceeded to Step 8.10.62 and seeded the first GREX-500M flask(s) while additional media is prepared and warmed.

Prepared additional media bags as needed. Prepared and warmed the calculated number of additional media bags determined above.

Filled G-Rex500MCS. Opened a G-Rex500MCS on the benchtop and inspected for cracks in the vessel or kinks in the tubing. Ensured all luer connections and closures were tight. Made a mark at the 4500 mL line on the outside of the flask with a marker. Closed all clamps on the G-Rex500MCS except the large filter line. Sterile welded the red media line of a G-Rex500MCS to the fluid transfer set on the media bag prepared above.

Prepared to pump media. Hung “CM4 Day 16 Media” on an IV pole. Fed the pump tubing through the Baxa pump.

Pumped media into G-Rex500MCS. Set the Baxa pump on “High” and “9” and pump 4500 mL of media into the flask. Pumped 4.5 L of “CM4 Day 16 Media” into the G-Rex500MCS, filling to the line marked on the flask as above. Once 4.5 L of media had been transferred, stopped the pump.

Heat Sealed. Heat sealed the red media line of G-Rex500MCS, near the weld created, removing the media bag.

Repeated Fill. Repeat filling and sealing steps for each flask calculated in above as media is warmed and prepared for use. Multiple flasks may be filled at the same time using gravity fill or multiple pumps. Fill only two flasks per bag of media.

Recorded and labelled flask(s) filled. Labeled each flask alphabetically and with “Day 16” labels.

As needed incubated flask. Held flask in incubator while waiting to seed with TIL. Recorded the total number of flasks filled.

Calculated volume of cell suspension to add. Calculated the target volume of TIL suspension to add to the new G-Rex500MCS flasks.

TABLE 27 Cell suspension volume Target Volume of cell Total Volume of TIL suspension to transfer suspension Number of to each flask A flask(s) filled C = A ÷ B mL mL

If number of flasks exceeds five only five will be seeded, USING THE ENTIRE VOLUME OF CELL SUSPENSION.

Prepared Flasks for Seeding. Removed G-Rex500MCS from Step 8.10.70 from the incubator.

Prepared for pumping. Closed all clamps on G-Rex500MCS except large filter line. Fed the pump tubing through the Baxa pump.

Removed TIL from incubator. Removed “TIL Suspension” transfer pack from the incubator and record incubation end time.

Prepared cell suspension for seeding. Sterile welded “TIL Suspension” transfer pack from above to pump inlet line.

Placed TIL suspension bag on a scale. Primed the line from the TIL suspension bag to the weld using the Baxa pump set to “Low” and “2”. Tared the scale.

Seeded flask with TIL Suspension. Set Baxa pump to “Medium” and “5”. Pump the volume of TIL suspension calculated above into flask. Record the volume of TIL Suspension added to each flask.

Heat sealed. Heat sealed the “TIL Suspension” transfer pack, leaving enough tubing to weld on the next flask.

Filled remaining flasks. Between each flask seeded, ensured to mix “TIL Suspension” transfer pack and repeat filling and sealing steps to seed all remaining flaks.

Monitored Incubator. If flasks must be split among two incubators, ensure to monitor both. Incubator parameters: Temperature LED Display: 37.0±2.0° C., CO2 Percentage: 5.0±1.5% CO2. Recorded the time each flask is placed in the incubator.

Calculated incubation window. Performed calculations below to determine the time range to remove G-Rex500MCS from incubator on Day 22. Lower limit: time+132 hours; upper limit: time+156 hours.

Day 22 Wash Buffer Preparation

Prepared 10 L Labtainer Bag. In BSC, attach a 4″ plasma transfer set to a 10 L Labtainer Bag via luer connection. Prepared 10 L Labtainer Bag Label as “Supernatant”, lot number, and initial/date. Closed all clamps before transferring out of the BSC. NOTE: Prepared one 10 L Labtainer Bag for every two G-Rex500MCS flasks to be harvested.

Welded fluid transfer set. Outside the BSC, closed all clamps on 4S-4M60. Welded repeater fluid transfer set to one of the male luer ends of 4S-4M60.

Passed Plasmalyte-A and Human Albumin 25% into the BSC. Passed the 4S-4M60 and repeater fluid transfer set assembly into the BSC.

TABLE 28 Components Component Description Amount Needed Plasmalyte-A 3000.0 mL Human Albumin 25%  120.0 mL 4S-4M60 with Repeater 1 Apparatus Fluid Transfer Set Step 8.11.7

TABLE 29 Plasmalyte-A Latex: Not Made with Natural Rubber Latex Container Type: VIAFLEX PVC: Contains PVC DEHP: Contains DEHP Volume: 500 ML Total Calories: 21 Kcal/L Sodium: 140 mEq/L Potassium: 5 mEq/L Magnesium: 3 mEq/L Acetate: 27 mEq/L Chloride: 98 mEq/L Gluconate: 23 mEq/L Osmolarity (mOsmol/L): 294    Specific Gravity: 1.01 pH: 7.4  Fill Range Volume (mL): 530-565 Shelf Life from manufacture: 15 months Contains Preservative: No Storage Recommendations: Store at room temperature (25° C./77° F.); brief exposure up to 40° C./104° F. does not adversely affect the product. Packaging: Single Pack Rx Only: Yes **As commercially available from http://ecatalog.baxter.com/ecatalog/loadproduct.html?cid=20016&lid=10001&hid=2000 1&pid=821874.

Pumped Plasmalyte into 3000 mL bag. Spiked three bags of Plasmalyte-A to the 4S-4M60 Connector set. NOTE: Wipe the port cover with an alcohol swab (W3009488) prior to removing. NOTE: Maintain constant pressure while turning the spike in one direction. Ensure to not puncture the side of the port. Connected an Origen 3000 mL collection bag via luer connection to the larger diameter end of the repeater pump transfer set. Closed clamps on the unused lines of the 3000 mL Origen Bag. Staged the Baxa pump next to the BSC. Fed the transfer set tubing through the Baxa pump situated outside of the BSC. Set pump to “High” and “9”. Opened all clamps from the Plasmalyte-A to the 3000 mL Origen Bag. Pumped all of the Plasmalyte-A into the 3000 mL Origen bag. Once all the Plasmalyte-A had been transferred, stopped the pump. If necessary, removed air from 3000 mL Origen bag by reversing the pump and manipulating the position of the bag. Closed all clamps.

Remove the 3000 mL bag from the repeater pump fluid transfer set via luer connection and placed a red cap (W3012845) on the line to the bag.

Added Human Albumin 25% to 3000 mL Bag. Opened vented mini spike. Without compromising sterility of spike, ensured blue cap is securely fastened. Spiked the septum of a Human Albumin 25% bottle with the vented mini spike. NOTE: Ensured to not compromise the sterility of the spike. Repeated two times for a total of three (3) spiked Human Albumin 25% bottles. Removed the blue cap from one vented mini spike and attach a 60 mL syringe to the Human Serum Albumin 25% bottle. Draw up 60 mL of Human Serum Albumin 25%. It may be necessary to use more than one bottle of Human Serum Albumin 25%. If necessary, disconnect the syringe from the vented mini spike and connect it to the next vented mini spike in a Human Serum Albumin 25% bottle. Once 60 mL has been obtained, remove the syringe from the vented mini spike. Attach syringe to needleless injection port on 3000 mL Origen bag filled with Plasmalyte-A. Dispensed all of the Human Albumin 25%. Repeated to obtain a final volume of 120.0 mL of Human Albumin 25%. Gently mixed the bag after all of the Human Albumin 25% had been added. Labeled as “LOVOWash Buffer” and assign a 24 hour expiry.

Prepared IL-2 Diluent. Using a 10 mL syringe, removed 5.0 mL of LOVO Wash Buffer using the needleless injection port on the LOVO Wash Buffer bag. Dispensed LOVO wash buffer into a 50 mL conical tube and label as “IL-2 Diluent”.

CRF Blank Bag LOVO Wash Buffer Aliquotted. Using a 100 mL syringe, drew up 70.0 mL of LOVO Wash Buffer from the needleless injection port. NOTE: Wiped the needless injection port with an alcohol pad before each use. Placed a red cap on the syringe and label as “blank cryo bag” and lot number. NOTE: Held the syringe at room temp until needed in Step 8.14.3

Completed Wash Buffer Prep. Closed all clamps on the LOVO Wash Buffer bag.

Thawed IL-2. Thawed one 1.1 mL of IL-2 (6×10⁶ IU/mL), until all ice has melted. Record IL-2 Lot number and Expiry. NOTE: Ensured IL-2 label is attached.

IL-2 Preparation. Added 50 μL IL-2 stock (6×10⁶ IU/mL) to the 50 mL conical tube labeled “IL-2 Diluent.”

IL-2 Preparation. Relabeled conical as “IL-2 6×104”, the date, lot number, and 24 hour expiry. Cap and store at 2-8° C.

Cryopreservation Prep. Placed 5 cryo-cassettes at 2-8° C. to precondition them for final product cryopreservation.

Prepared Cell Count Dilutions. In the BSC, added 4.5 mL of AIM-V Media that has been labelled with lot number and “For Cell Count Dilutions” to 4 separate 15 mL conical tubes and labeled the tubes.

Prepared Cell Counts. Labeled 4 cryovials with vial number (1-4).

Day 22 TIL Harvest

Monitored the incubator. Incubator Parameters Temperature LED display: 37±2.0° C., CO2 Percentage: 5% 1.5%.

Removed G-Rex500MCS Flasks from Incubator. Check flasks and confirm incubation parameters were met before removing G-Rex500MCS from incubator (incubation time).

Prepared TIL collection bag Labeled a 3000 mL collection bag as “TIL Suspension”, lot number, and initial/date.

Sealed off extra connections. Heat sealed off two luer connections on the collection bag near the end of each connection.

GatheRex Setup. Sterile welded (per Process Note 5.11) the red media removal line from the G-Rex500MCS to the 10 L labtainer bag prepared above. NOTE: Referenced Process Note 5.16 for use of multiple GatheRex devices. Sterile welded (per Process Note 5.11) the clear cell removal line from the G-Rex500MCS to the TIL Suspension collection bag prepared above. Placed the G-Rex500MCS flask on the left side of the GatheRex. Placed the supernatant Labtainer bag and pooled TIL suspension collection bag to the right side. Installed the red media removal line from the G-Rex500MCS to the top clamp (marked with a red line) and tubing guides on the GatheRex. Installed the clear harvest line from the G-Rex500MCS to the bottom clamp (marked with a blue line) and tubing guides on the GatheRex. Attached the gas line from the GatheRex to the sterile filter of the G-Rex500MCS. Before removing the supernatant from the G-Rex500MCS, ensured all clamps on the cell removal lines were closed.

Volume Reduction. Transferred ˜4.5 L of supernatant from the G-Rex500MCS to the Supernatant bag. Visually inspected G-Rex500MCS to ensure flask is level and media had been reduced to the end of the aspirating dip tube. Repeat step if needed.

Prepared flask for TIL Harvest. After removal of the supernatant, closed all clamps to the red line.

Initiated collection of TIL. Recorded the start time of the TIL harvest. Vigorously tap flask and swirl media to release cells. Performed an inspection of the flask to ensure all cells have detached. Placed “TIL Suspension” 3000 mL collection bag on dry wipes on a flat surface. Tilted the flask to ensure hose is at the edge of the flask. NOTE: If the cell collection hose was not at the junction of the wall and bottom membrane, rapping the flask while tilted at a 450 angle is usually sufficient to properly position the hose.

TIL Harvest. Released all clamps leading to the TIL suspension collection bag. Using the GatheRex, transferred the TIL suspension into the 3000 mL collection bag. NOTE: Maintained the tilted edge until all cells and media were collected. Inspect membrane for adherent cells.

Rinsed flask membrane. Rinsed the bottom of the G-Rex500MCS. Covered ˜¼ of gas exchange membrane with rinse media.

Closed clamps on G-Rex500MCS. Ensure all clamps are closed.

Heat sealed. Heat seal the collection bag containing the TIL as close to the weld as possible so that the overall tubing length remained approximately the same. Heat sealed the Supernatant bag.

Completed harvest of remaining G-Rex 500 MCS flasks. Repeat steps above, pooling all TIL into the same collection bag. It was necessary to replace the 10 l supernatant bag after every 2nd flask.

Prepared LOVO source bag. Obtained a new 3000 mL collection bag. Labeled as “LOVO Source Bag”, lot number, and Initial/Date. Heat sealed the tubing on the “LOVO Source bag”, removing the female luers, leaving enough line to weld.

Weighed LOVO Source Bag. Placed an appropriately sized plastic bin on the scale and tare. Place the LOVO Source Bag, including ports and lines, in the bin and record the dry weight.

Transferred cell suspension into LOVO source bag. Closed all clamps of a 170 μm gravity blood filter.

Transferred cell suspension into LOVO source bag. Sterile welded the long terminal end of the gravity blood filter to the LOVO source bag. Sterile welded one of the two source lines of the filter to “pooled TIL suspension” collection bag. Once weld was complete, heat sealed the unused line on the filter to remove it. Opened all necessary clamps and elevate the TIL suspension by hanging the collection bag on an IV pole to initiate gravity-flow transfer of TIL through the blood filter and into the LOVO source bag. Gently rotated or knead the TIL Suspension bag while draining in order to keep the TIL in even suspension.

Closed all clamps. Once all TIL were transferred to the LOVO source bag, closed all clamps.

Heat Sealed. Heat sealed (per Process Note 5.12) as close to weld as possible to remove gravity blood filter.

Removed Cell Counts Samples. In the BSC, using separate 3 mL syringes for each sample, removed 4×1.0 mL cell count samples from the LOVO source bag using the needless injection port. Placed samples in the cryovials prepared in Step 8.11.36.

Performed Cell Counts. Performed cell counts and calculations utilizing NC-200. Diluted cell count samples initially by adding 0.5 mL of cell suspension into 4.5 mL of AIM-V media prepared above. This gave a 1:10 dilution.

Recorded Cell Count and Sample Volumes. Calculated Total Viable TIL Cells. If Total Viable cells≥1.5×10⁹, proceeded. Calculate Total Nucleated Cells.

Prepared Mycoplasma Diluent. In the BSC, removed 10.0 mL from one supernatant bag via luer sample port and placed in a 15 mL conical. Label 15 mL conical “Mycoplasma Diluent”.

LOVO

Turned on the LOVO and started the “TIL G-Rex Harvest” protocol and followed screen prompts. Buffer type was PlasmaLyte. Followed the LOVO touch screen prompts.

Determined the final product target volume. Using the total nucleated cells (TNC) value and the chart below, determined the final product target volume and recorded (mL).

TABLE 30 Calculate final product volume Final Product (Retentate) Volume to Cell Range Target (mL) 0 < Total (Viable + Dead) Cells ≤ 165 7.1 × 10¹⁰ 7.1 × 10¹⁰ < Total (Viable + Dead) Cells ≤ 215 1.1 × 10¹¹ 1.1 × 10¹¹ < Total (Viable + Dead) Cells ≤ 265 1.5 × 10¹¹

Followed the LOVO touch screen prompts.

Loaded disposable kit. Prior to loading the disposable kit, wipe pressure sensor port with an alcohol wipe followed by a lint-free wipe. Load the disposable kit. Follow screen directions on loading the disposable kit.

Removed filtrate bag. When the standard LOVO disposable kit had been loaded, touched the Next button. The Container Information and Location Screen displayed. Removed filtrate bag from scale

Ensured Filtrate container was New and Off-Scale

Entered Filtrate capacity. Sterile welded a LOVO Ancillary Bag onto the male luer line of the existing Filtrate Bag. Ensured all clamps are open and fluid path is clear. Touch the Filtrate Container Capacity entry field. A numeric keypad displays. Enter the total new Filtrate capacity (5,000 mL). Touch the button to accept the entry. NOTE: Estimated Filtrate Volume should not exceed 5000 mL.

Placed Filtrate container on benchtop. NOTE: If tubing was removed from the F clamp during welding, placed the tubing back into the clamp. Placed the new Filtrate container on the benchtop. DID NOT hang the Filtrate bag on weigh scale #3. Weigh scale #3 will be empty during the procedure.

Followed the LOVO touch screen prompts after changes to the filtrate container.

Ensured kit was loaded properly. The Disposable Kit Dry Checks overlay displays. Checked that the kit was loaded properly and all clamps were open. Checked all tubing for kinks or other obstructions and correct if possible. Ensured kit was properly installed and check all Robert's clamps. Pressed the Yes button. All LOVO mechanical clamps closed automatically and the Checking Disposable Kit Installation screen displays. The LOVO went through a series of pressurizing steps to check the kit.

Kit Check Results. If the Kit check passed, proceeded to the next step. *If No, a second Kit Check could be performed after checks have been complete. *If No, Checked all tubing for kinks or other obstructions and correct *If No, Ensured kit was properly installed and check all Robert's clamps. If the 2nd kit check failed: Contact area management and prepare to installation of new kit in Section 10.0. Repeat Step 8.13.23-Step 8.13.30 needed.

Attached PlasmaLyte. The Connect Solutions screen displayed. The wash value would always be 3000 mL. Entered this value on screen.

Sterile welded the 3000 mL bag of PlasmaLyte to the tubing passing through Clamp 1. Hung the PlasmaLyte bag on an IV pole placing both corner bag loops on the hook.

Verified that the PlasmaLyte was attached. Opened any plastic clamps. Verified that the Solution Volume entry was 3000 mL. Touched the “Next” button. The Disposable Kit Prime overlay displayed. Verified that the PlasmaLyte was attached and any welds and plastic clamps on the tubing leading to the PlasmaLyte bag were open, then touched the Yes button

Observed that the PlasmaLyte is moving. Disposable kit prime starts and the Priming Disposable Kit Screen displays. Visually observed that PlasmaLyte moving through the tubing connected to the bag of PlasmaLyte. If no fluid was moving, pressed the Pause Button on the screen and determined if a clamp or weld was still closed. Once the problem had been solved, pressed the Resume button on the screen to resume the Disposable Kit Prime. Followed the LOVO touch screen prompts.

Attached Source container to tubing. Sterile weld the LOVO Source Bag prepared in Step 8.12.31 to the tubing passing through Clamp S per Process Note 5.11. It could be necessary to remove the tubing from the clamp. Note: Made sure to replace source tubing into the S clamp if removed.

Hung Source container. Hung the Source container on the IV pole placing both corner bag loops on the hook. DID NOT hang the Source on weigh scale #1. Opened all clamps to the source bag.

Verified Source container was attached. Touched the Next button. The Source Prime overlay displayed. Verified that the Source was attached to the disposable kit, and that any welds and plastic clamps on the tubing leading to the Source were open. Touched the Yes button.

Confirm PlasmaLyte was moving. Source prime started and the Priming Source Screen displayed. Visually observed that PlasmaLyte is moving through the tubing attached to the Source bag. If no fluid is moving, press the Pause Button on the screen and determine if a clamp or weld is still closed. Once the problem was solved, pressed the Resume button on the screen to resume the Source Prime.

Started Procedure Screen. When the Source prime finishes successfully, the Start Procedure Screen displays. Pressed Start, the “Pre-Wash Cycle 1” pause screen appears immediately after pressing start.

Inverted In Process Bag. Removed the In Process Bag from weigh scale #2 (can also remove tubing from the In Process top port tubing guide) and manually invert it to allow the wash buffer added during the disposable kit prime step to coat all interior surfaces of the bag. Re-hang the In Process Bag on weigh scale #2 (label on the bag was facing to the left). Replace the top port tubing in the tubing guide, if it was removed.

Inverted Source bag. Before pressing the Start button, mixed the Source bag without removing it from the IV pole by massaging the bag corners and gently agitating the cells to create a homogeneous cell suspension. Pressed the Resume button. The LOVO started processing fluid from the Source bag and the Wash Cycle 1 Screen displays.

Source Rinse Pause. The Rinse Source Pause screen displayed once the source container was drained and the LOVO had added wash buffer to the Source bag. Without removing the Source bag from IV pole, massaged the corners and mixed well. Pressed Resume.

Mixed In Process Bag Pause. To prepare cells for another pass through the spinner, the In Process Bag was diluted with wash buffer. After adding the wash buffer to the In Process Bag, the LOVO pauses automatically and displays the “Mix In Process Bag” Pause Screen. Without removing the bag from the weigh scale, mixed the product well by gently squeezing the bag. Press Resume.

Massaged In Process Corners Pause. When the In Process Bag was empty, wash buffer was added to the bottom port of the In Process Bag to rinse the bag. After adding the rinse fluid, the LOVO paused automatically and displayed the “Massage IP corners” Pause Screen. When the “Massage IP corners” Pause Screen displayed, DO NOT remove the bag from weigh scale #2. With the In Process Bag still hanging on weigh scale #2, massage the corners of the bag to bring any residual cells into suspension. Ensured the bag was not swinging on the weigh scale and pressed the Resume button.

Waited for Remove Products Screen. At the end of the LOVO procedure, the Remove Products Screen displayed. When this Screen displays, all bags on the LOVO kit could be manipulated. Note: Did not touch any bags until the Remove Products displayed.

Removed retentate bag. Placed a hemostat on the tubing very close to the port on the Retentate bag to keep the cell suspension from settling into the tubing. Heat sealed (per Process Note 5.12) below the hemostat, making sure to maintain enough line to weld in Step 8.13.48. Removed the retentate bag.

Prepared retentate bag for formulation. Welded the female luer lock end of a 4″ Plasma Transfer Set to the retentate bag. Transferred the retentate bag.

Removed Products. Followed the instructions on the Remove Products Screen. Closed all clamps on the LOVO kit to prevent fluid movement.

Removed Products. Touched the Next button. All LOVO mechanical clamps opened and the Remove Kit Screen displayed.

Recorded Data. Followed the instructions on the Remove Kit screen. Touched the “Next” button. All LOVO mechanical clamps close and the Results Summary Screen displays. Recorded the data from the results summary screen. Closed all pumps and filter support. Removed the kit when prompted to do so by the LOVO. All Times recorded were recorded directly from the LOVO.

Final Formulation and Fill

Target volume/bag calculation. From Table 31 below, selected the number of CS750 bags to be filled, target fill volume per bag, volume removed for retain per bag, and final target volume per bag that corresponded to the Volume of LOVO Retentate from above.

TABLE 31 Target volume/bag calculation Volume of Volume of CS10 Final Predicted Volume Number of Target Fill Volume removed Final Target LOVO product to add to product of formulated product bags to be Volume per bag for retain per bag Volume per bag 165 mL 165 mL 330 mL 3 107 mL 7 mL 100 mL 215 mL 215 mL 430 mL 4 105 mL 5 mL 100 mL 265 mL 265 mL 530 mL 4 130 mL 5 mL 125 mL

Prepared CRF Blank. Calculated volume of CS-10 and LOVO wash buffer to formulate blank bag.

TABLE 32 Calculated volumes. Final Target Blank LOVO Wash Blank CS-10 Volume per Bag Buffer Volume Volume (mL) A B = A/2 C = B mL mL mL

Prepared CRY Blank. Outside of the BSC, using the syringe of LOVO Wash Buffer prepared in above, added volume calculated to an empty CS750 bag via luer connection. Note: Blank CS750 bag formulation does not need to be done aseptically. Using an appropriately sized syringe, added the volume of CS-10 calculated to the same CS750 bag prepared above. Placed a red cap on the CS750 bag. Removed as much air as possible from the CS-750 bag as possible. Heat sealed the CS750 bag as close to the bag as possible, removing the tubing. Label CS750 bag with “CRF Blank”, lot number, and initial/date. Placed the CRF Blank on cold packs until it was placed in the CRF.

Calculated required volume of IL-2. Calculated the volume of IL-2 to add to the Final Product

TABLE 33 Calculated IL-2 volume Parameter Formula Result Final Retentate Volume Step 8.13.51 A. mL Final Formulated Volume B = A × 2 B. mL Final IL-2 Concentration 300 IU/mL C. 300 IU/mL desired (IU/mL) IU of IL-2 Required D = B × C D. IU IL-2 Working Stock from 6 × 10⁴ IU/mL E. 6 × 10⁴ IU/mL Step 8.11.33 Volume of IL-2 to Add to F = D ÷ E F. mL Final Product

Assembled Connect apparatus. Sterile welded a 4S-4M60 to a CC2 Cell Connect replacing a single spike of the Cell Connect apparatus with the 4-spike end of the 4S-4M60 manifold.

Assembled Connected apparatus. Sterile welded the CS750 Cryobags to the harness prepared above, replacing one of the four male luer ends (E) with each bag. Welded (per Process Note 5.11) CS-10 bags to spikes of the 4S-4M60. Kept CS-10 cold by placing the bags between two cold packs conditioned at 2-8° C.

Prepared TIL with IL-2. Using an appropriately sized syringe, removed amount of IL-2 determined above from the “IL-2 6×104” aliquot. Connect the syringe to the retentate bag prepared above via the Luer connection and inject IL-2. Clear the line by pushing air from the syringe through the line.

Labeled Formulated TIL Bag. Closed the clamp on the transfer set and label bag as “Formulated TIL” and passed the bag out of the BSC.

Added the Formulated TIL bag to the apparatus. Once TL-2 had been added, welded the “Formulated TIL” bag to the remaining spike on the apparatus.

Added CS10. Passed the assembled apparatus with attached Formulated TIL, CS-750 bags, and CS-10 into the BSC. NOTE: The CS-10 bag and all CS-750 bags were placed between two cold packs preconditioned at 2-8° C. Did not place Formulated TIL bag on cold packs. Ensured all clamps were closed on the apparatus. Turn the stopcock so the syringe was closed.

Switched Syringes. Drew ˜10 mL of air into a 100 mL syringe and replaced the 60 mL syringe on the apparatus.

Added CS10. Turned stopcock so that the line to the CS750 bags is closed. Open clamps to the CS-10 bags and pull volume calculated above into syringe. NOTE: Multiple syringes will be used to add appropriate volume of CS-10. Closed clamps to CS-10 and open clamps to the Formulated TIL bag and add the CS-10. Add first 10.0 mL of CS10 at approximately 10.0 mL/minute. Add remaining CS-10 at approximate rate of 1.0 mL/sec. Note: Multiple syringes were used to add appropriate volume of CS-10. Recorded time. NOTE: The target time from first addition of CS-10 to beginning of freeze is 30 minutes. Recorded the volume of each CS10 addition and the total volume added. Closed all clamps to the CS10 bags.

Prepared CS-750 bags. Turned the stopcock so that the syringe was open. Opened clamps to the Formulated TIL bag and drew up suspension stopping just before the suspension reaches the stopcock. Closed clamps to the formulated TIL bag. Turned stopcock so that it was open to the empty CS750 final product bags. Using a new syringe, removed as much air as possible from the CS750 final product bags by drawing the air out. While maintaining pressure on the syringe plunger, clamped the bags shut. Draw ˜20 mL air into a new 100 mL syringe and connect to the apparatus. NOTE: Each CS-750 final product bag should be between two cold packs to keep formulated TIL suspension cold.

Dispensed cells. Turned the stopcock so the line to the final product bags was closed. Pulled the volume calculated above from the Formulated TIL bag into the syringe. NOTE: Multiple syringes could be used to obtain correct volume. Turned the stopcock so the line to the formulated TIL bag is closed. Working with one final product bag at a time, dispense cells into a final product bag. Recorded volume of cells added to each CS750 bag above. Cleared the line with air from the syringe so that the cells are even with the top of the spike port. Closed the clamp on the filled bag. Repeated steps for each final product bag, gently mixing formulated TIL bag between each. Recorded volume of TIL placed in each final product bag below.

Removed air from final product bags and take retain. Once the last final product bag was filled, closed all clamps. Drew 10 mL of air into a new 100 mL syringe and replace the syringe on the apparatus. Manipulating a single bag at a time, drew all of the air from each product bag plus the volume of product for retain determined above. NOTE: Upon removal of sample volume, inverted the syringe and used air to clear the line to the top port of the product bag. Clamped the line to the bag once the retain volume and air was removed.

Recorded volume of retain removed from each bag.

Dispensed Retain. Dispensed retain into a 50 mL conical tube and label tube as “Retain” and lot number. Repeat for each bag.

Prepared final product for cryopreservation. With a hemostat, clamped the lines close to the bags. Removed syringe and red cap luer connection on the apparatus that the syringe was on. Passed apparatus out of the BSC. Heat sealed (per Process Note 5.12) at F, removing the empty retentate bag and the CS-10 bags. NOTE: Retained luer connection for syringe on the apparatus. Disposed of empty retentate and CS-10 Bags.

Labeled final product bags. Attached sample final product label below.

Prepared final product for cryopreservation. Held the cryobags on cold pack or at 2-8° C. until cryopreservation.

Removed Cell Count Sample. Using an appropriately sized pipette, remove 2.0 mL of retain removed above and placed in a 15 mL conical tube to be used for cell counts.

Performed Cell Counts. Performed cell counts and calculations utilizing the NC-200. NOTE: Diluted only one sample to appropriate dilution to verify dilution is sufficient. Diluted additional samples to appropriate dilution factor and proceed with counts. Recorded Cell Count sample volumes. NOTE: If no dilution needed, “Sample [μL]”=200, “Dilution [μL]”=0. Determined the Average of Viable Cell Concentration and Viability of the cell counts performed.

Calculated Flow Cytometry Sample. Performed calculation to ensure sufficient cell concentration for flow cytometry sampling.

TABLE 34 Calculate flow cytometry cell concentration Viable Cell Target Volume Required Concentration for 6 × 10⁷ TVC Is B ≤ 1.0 mL? A B = 6 × 10⁷ cells/A (Yes/No**) mL

Calculated IFN-γ. Sample Performed calculation to ensure sufficient cell concentration for IFN-γ sampling.

Heat Sealed. Once sample volumes had been determined, heat sealed Final Product Bags as close to the bags as possible to remove from the apparatus.

TABLE 35 Labeling and collection of samples Sample Volume to Number of Add to Container Sample Containers Each Type *Mycoplasma 1 1.0 mL 15 mL Conical Endotoxin 2 1.0 mL 2 mL Cryovial Gram Stain 1 1.0 mL 2 mL Cryovial IFN-g 1 1.0 mL 2 mL Cryovial Flow 1 1.0 mL 2 mL Cryovial Cytometry **Bac-T 2 1.0 mL Bac-T Bottle Sterility QC Retain 4 1.0 mL 2 mL Cryovial Satellite Vials 10 0.5 mL 2 mL Cryovial

For the Mycoplasma sample, add formulated cell suspension volume to the 15 mL conical labelled “Mycoplasma Diluent” from above. Sterility & BacT. Testing Sampling. In the BSC, remove a 1.0 mL sample from the retained cell suspension collected in above using an appropriately sized syringe and inoculate the anaerobic bottle. Repeat the above for the aerobic bottle.

Labeled and stored samples. Labeled all samples with sample plan inventory labels and store appropriately until transfer. Proceeded to next steps for cryopreservation of final product and samples.

Final Product Cryopreservation

Prepared Controlled Rate Freezer. Verified the CRF had been set up prior to freeze. Record CRF Equipment. Cryopreservation is performed.

Set up CRF probes. Punctured the septum on the CRF blank bag. Inserted the 6 mL vial temperature probe.

Placed final product and samples in CRF. Placed blank bag into preconditioned cassette and transferred into the approximate middle of the CRF rack. Transferred final product cassettes into CRF rack and vials into CRF vial rack. Transferred product racks and vial racks into the CRF. Recorded the time that the product is transferred into the CRF and the chamber temperature.

Determined the time needed to reach 4° C.±1.5° C. and proceed with the CRF run. Once the chamber temperature reached 4° C.±1.5° C., started the run. Recorded time.

Completed and Stored. Stopped the CRF after the completion of the run. Remove cassettes and vials from CRF. Transferred cassettes and vials to vapor phase LN2 for storage.

Example 12: Novel Cryopreserved Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (LN-144) Administered to Patients with Metastatic Melanoma Demonstrated Efficacy and Tolerability in a Multicenter Phase 2 Clinical Trial Background

The safety and efficacy of adoptive cell therapy (ACT) utilizing tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has been studied in hundreds of patients with metastatic melanoma, and has demonstrated meaningful and durable objective response rates (ORR).¹ In an ongoing Phase 2 trial, C-144-01 utilizing centralized GMP manufacturing of TIL, both non-cryopreserved Generation 1 (Gen 1) and cryopreserved Generation 2 (Gen 2) TIL manufacturing processes were assessed.

Gen 1 is approximately 5-6 weeks in duration of manufacturing (administered in Cohort 1 of C-144-01 study), while Gen 2 is 22 days in duration of manufacturing (process 2A, administered in Cohort 2 of C-144-01 study). Preliminary data from Cohort 1 patients infused with the Gen 1 LN-144 manufactured product, was encouraging in treating post-PD-1 metastatic melanoma patients as the TIL therapy produced responses.² Benefits of Gen 2 included: (A) reduction in the time patients and physicians wait to infuse TIL to patient; (B) cryopreservation permits flexibility in scheduling, distribution, and delivery; and (C) reduction of manufacturing costs. Preliminary data from Cohort 2 is presented herein. FIG. 25 shows an embodiment of the Gen 2 cryopreserved LN-144 manufacturing process (process 2A).

Study Design: C-144-01 Phase 2 Trial in Metastatic Melanoma

Phase 2, Multicenter, 3-Cohort Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Autologous Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (LN-144) for Treatment of Patients with Metastatic Melanoma.

Key Inclusion Criteria: (1) Measurable metastatic melanoma and ≥1 lesion resectable for TIL generation; (2) Progression on at least one prior line of systemic therapy; (3) Age≥18; and (4) ECOG PS 0-1.

Treatment Cohorts: (1) Non-Cryopreserved LN-144 product; (2) Cryopreserved LN-144 product; and (3) Retreatment with LN-144 for patients without response or who progress after initial response. FIG. 26 shows the study design.

Endpoints: (1) Primary: Efficacy defined as ORR and (2) Secondary: Safety and Efficacy.

Methods

Cohort 2 Safety Set: 13 patients who underwent resection for the purpose of TIL generation and received any component of the study treatment.

Cohort 2 Efficacy Set: 9 patients who received the NMA-LD preconditioning, LN-144 infusion and at least one dose of IL-2, and had at least one efficacy assessment. 4 patients did not have an efficacy assessment at the time of the data cut.

Biomarker data has been shown for all available data read by the date of the data cut.

Results

FIG. 27 provides a table illustrating the Comparison Patient Characteristics from Cohort 1 (ASCO 2017) vs Cohort 2. Cohort 2 has: 4 median prior therapies; all patients have received prior anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4; and had higher tumor burden reflected by greater sum of diameters (SOD) for target lesions and higher mean LDH at Baseline. FIG. 28 provides a table showing treatment emergent adverse events (≥30%).

For Cohort 2 (cryopreserved LN-144), the infusion product and TIL therapy characteristics were (1) mean number of TIL cells infused: 37×10⁹, and (2) median number of IL-2 doses administrations was 4.5. FIG. 29 shows the efficacy of the infusion product and TIL therapy for Patients #1 to #8.

FIG. 30 shows the clinical status of response evaluable patients with stable disease (SD) or a better response. A partial response (PR) for Patient 6 was unconfirmed as the patient did not reached the second efficacy assessment yet. One patient (Patient 9) passed away prior to the first assessment (still considered in the efficacy set).

Of the 9 patients in the efficacy set, one patient (Patient 9) was not evaluable (NE) due to melanoma-related death prior to first tumor assessment not represented on FIG. 30. Responses were seen in patients treated with Gen 2. The disease control rate (DCR) was 78%. Time to response was similar to Cohort 1. One patient (Patient 3) with progressive disease (PD) as best response was not included in the swim lane plot.

FIG. 31 shows the percent change in sum of diameters. Patient 9 had no post-LN-144 disease assessment due to melanoma-related death prior to Day 42. Day −14: % change of Sum of Diameters from Screening to Baseline (Day −14). Day −14 to Day 126: % change of SOD from Baseline. Day −14=Baseline. Day 0=LN-144 infusion.

Upon TIL treatment, an increase of HMGB1 was observed (FIG. 32). Plasma HMGB1 levels were measured using HMGB1 ELISA kit (Tecan US, Inc). Data shown represents fold change in HMGB1 levels pre (Day −7) and post (Day 4 and Day 14) LN-144 infusion in Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 patients (p values were calculated using two-tailed paired t-test based on log-transformed data). Sample size (bold and italicized) and mean (italicized) values are shown in parentheses for each time point. HMGB1 is secreted by activated immune cells and released by damaged tumor cells. The increased HMGB1 levels observed after treatment with LN-144 are therefore suggestive of an immune-mediated mechanism of anti-tumor activity.

Plasma IP-10 levels were measured using Luminex assay. Data shown in FIG. 33 represents fold change in IP-10 levels pre (Day −7) and post (Day 4 and Day 14) LN-144 infusion in Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 patients (p values were calculated using two-tailed paired t-test based on log-transformed data). Sample size (bold and italicized) and mean (italicized) values are shown in parentheses for each time point. The post-LN-144 infusion increase in IP-10 is being monitored to understand possible correlation with TIL persistence.

Updated data from Cohort 2 (n=17 patients) is reported in FIG. 34 to FIG. 39. In comparison to Cohort 1 and an embodiment of the Gen 1 process, which showed a DCR of 64% and an overall response rate (ORR) of 29% (N=14), Cohort 2 and an embodiment of the Gen 2 process showed a DCR of 80% and an ORR of 40% (N=10).

Conclusions

Preliminary results from the existing data demonstrate comparable safety between Gen 1 and Gen 2 LN-144 TIL products. Administration of TILs manufactured with the Gen 2 process (process 2A, as described herein) leads to surprisingly increased clinical responses seen in advanced disease metastatic melanoma patients, all had progressed on anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 prior therapies. The DCR for cohort 2 was 78%.

Preliminary biomarker data is supportive of the cytolytic mechanism of action proposed for TIL therapy.

The embodiment of the Gen 2 manufacturing process described herein takes 22 days. This process significantly shortens the duration of time a patient has to wait to receive their TIL, offers flexibility in the timing of dosing the patients, and leads to a reduction of cost of manufacturing, while providing other advantages over prior approaches that allow for commercialization and registration with health regulatory agencies. Preliminary clinical data in metastatic melanoma using an embodiment of the Gen 2 manufacturing process also indicates a surprising improvement in clinical efficacy of the TILs, as measured by DCR, ORR, and other clinical responses, with a similar time to response and safety profile compared to TILs manufactured using the Gen 1 process.

REFERENCES

-   ¹Goff, et al. Randomized, Prospective Evaluation Comparing Intensity     of Lymphodepletion Before Adoptive Transfer of Tumor-Infiltrating     Lymphocytes for Patients With Metastatic Melanoma. J Clin Oncol.     2016 Jul. 10; 34(20):2389-97. -   ²Sarnaik A, Kluger H, Chesney J, et al. Efficacy of single     administration of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in heavily     pretreated patients with metastatic melanoma following checkpoint     therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2017; 35 [suppl; abstr 3045].

Example 13: Historical Control Study

A historical control study may be used for comparison of the treatment outcomes in patients with double-refractory metastatic melanoma to the outcomes of TIL therapies disclosed herein, such as those therapies described in Example 2 and Example 3. In an embodiment, a patient treated with TIL therapies disclosed herein exhibits an improved response to the response expected from a historical control. In an embodiment, a patient treated with TIL therapies disclosed herein exhibits an improved response to the response expected from a historical control, wherein the improved response is determined as overall response rate. In an embodiment, a patient treated with TIL therapies disclosed herein exhibits an improved response to the response expected from a historical control, wherein the improved response is determined as overall response rate, wherein the improvement in overall response rate is at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, or at least 50%. In an embodiment, a patient treated with TIL therapies disclosed herein exhibits an improved response to the response expected from a historical control, wherein the improved response is determined as duration of response. In an embodiment, a patient treated with TIL therapies disclosed herein exhibits an improved response to the response expected from a historical control, wherein the improved response is determined as duration of response, wherein the improvement in duration of response is at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, or at least 50%.

The historical control study to determine the response of double-refractory patients to other therapies may be performed using data obtained from the treatment records of metastatic melanoma patients. Patients must be exposed to 3 or more lines of therapies for melanoma after the initial diagnosis of melanoma. Lines of systemic therapies are counted per the following rules and start and stop dates of each therapy are considered:

-   -   All agents received within 28 days of the first line (1 L) start         constituted the 1 L regimen, and could include a single agent or         combine multiple agents; 1 L end corresponded to either the         first gap of >90 days in the all 1 L agents or the initiation of         a new agent that was not part of 1 L (i.e., switch to a new         line);     -   Subsequent lines of therapy are identified as the earliest         of (a) initiation of an agent not in the previous treatment         regimen (after the initial 28 day period to identify 1 L         regimen), or (b) initiation of any agent after a gap of >90 days         in the previous treatment. Regimens used in subsequent lines         were identified based on all agents received within 28 days of         the start of the respective line of therapy     -   In general, ipilumimab and nivolumab administered as a         combination are considered to be one therapy and BRAF and MEK         inhibitors administered in combination (e.g., dabrafenib and         trametinib) considered to be one therapy.     -   All patients must have been treated with at least one anti-PD-1         (or anti-PD-L1) therapy and failed (i.e., are refractory or         relapsed). Availability of the scan date that led to disease         progression if the line of therapy contains anti-PDi therapy is         preferred. For the last therapy on record (3rd or later), an         overall response per visit and date of either disease         progression or death (if applicable) are required.     -   For the last line of therapy on record, either i) target and         non-target lesions measures per each assessment, or ii) overall         response per visit by RECIST is required.     -   Certain baseline disease status and baseline characteristics         before the initiation of the last therapy on record are         required, to allow for evaluation of whether these patients meet         the similar eligibility criteria for other studies described         herein (including in Example 2 and Example 3).

Example 14: Safety and Efficacy of Cryopreserved Autologous Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocyte Therapy (LN-144, Lifileucel) in Advanced Metastatic Melanoma Patients Following Progression on Checkpoint Inhibitors

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) utilizing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) leverages and enhances the body's natural defense against cancer. TIL has demonstrated antitumor efficacy. Durable long-term responses in heavily pretreated patients (Rosenberg, S. A., et al. Durable Complete Responses in Heavily Pretreated Patients with Metastatic Melanoma Using T-Cell Transfer Immunotherapy. Clinical Cancer Research, 17(13), 4550-4557).

C-144-01 (NCT02360579) is an ongoing Phase 2 multicenter study, focusing on autologous TIL (lifileucel; LN-144). Patient population being focused on is unresectable metastatic melanoma who have progressed on checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF/MEK inhibitors (if BRAF mutated). TIL manufacturing conditions: central manufacturing of cryopreserved TIL, 22 day duration (based on the processes described herein).

C-144-01 Phase 2 Trial in Metastatic Melanoma:

Phase 2, multicenter study to assess the efficacy and safety of autologous Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (LN-144) for treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma (NCT02360579)

Endpoints of the Study:

Primary: Efficacy defined as investigator assessed ORR. Secondary: Safety and efficacy

Study Details:

Cohort 2 fully enrolled. Cohort 2 preliminary efficacy, safety and biomarker data provided in FIGS. 40-48 herein (n=47).

Cohort 4 will initiate in the future with 80-100 patients.

Methods: Data for Cohort 2.

Cohort 2 Safety & Efficacy Sets: 47 patients who underwent resection for the purpose of TIL generation and received lifileucel infusion. Biomarker data has been shown for all available data read by the date of the data cut.

IP-10 is measured by a commercial Bio-Rad bead-based Bio-Plex immunoassay, which measures multiple cytokines and chemokines, and which includes an antibody specific for IP-10.

IP-10 is measured by taking blood samples from the patient and is measured in the plasma fraction obtained from the blood (i.e., after all blood cells are removed) and is reported in units of picograms per milliliter of plasma (i.e., pg/mL).

Cohort 2 (lifileucel): Infusion Product and TIL Therapy Characteristics

Mean number of TIL cells infused: 26×10⁹. Median number of IL-2 doses administered was 6.0. Overall, 72% of patients had a reduction in tumor burden. Median follow up is 6.0 months. Median duration of response (DOR) is 6.4 months. Range of DOR was from 1.3+ to 14+ months. Change in IP-10 levels in periphery may have a correlation with response.

Mean change in IP-10 levels from baseline to day 1 post TIL infusion was higher among responders vs. nonresponders (p=0.19)

In heavily pretreated metastatic melanoma patients, efficacy to date is notable:

-   -   Overall response rate (ORR): 38%     -   Median DOR: 6.4 months, range 1.3+ to 14+     -   Disease control rate (DCR): 77%     -   16/17 had no response to prior anti-PD-1

The range of IP-10 in responders and non responders is provided in Tables 1 and 2 below. These recite the actual numbers, in pg/mL. Negative values mean decrease in IP-10 from day −7 to day 1 was observed.

Except the 4 patients in responders, remaining of responders (7 responder patients) have change in IP-10 level value more than 1656 pg/ml.

TABLE 1 Change in levels of IP-10 from Day −7 to Day 1 (Range in pg/ml) Minimum Maximum Responders −264 9711.84 NonResponders −9808 4902.9

TABLE 2 Responders Non Responders 9711.84 932.23 2880.3 906.45 3105.92 −44.17 4923.37 4902.9 3960.7 1113.27 −65.99 2210.6 −264.25 263.81 313.38 166.41 2121.34 1236.29 1656.62 738.03 −72.48 −237.04 937.84 3109.53 308.36 3760.47 −9808.01 1082.79 868.95 −337.47 −27.29 287 1667.5 313.73 437.59

Biomarker analyses show that an increase in IP-10 levels may correlate with anti-tumor response.

Preliminary data supports lifileucel (also known as LN-144) autologous TIL as an efficacious and well-tolerated therapeutic option for patients with metastatic melanoma. 

We claim:
 1. A method of treating double-refractory metastatic melanoma in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to the patient.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is a cutaneous double-refractory metastatic melanoma.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to at least two prior systemic treatment courses, not including neo-adjuvant or adjuvant therapies.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to aldesleukin or a biosimilar thereof.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to pembrolizumab or a biosimilar thereof.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to nivolumab or a biosimilar thereof.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to ipilimumab or a biosimilar thereof.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to ipilimumab or a biosimilar thereof and pembrolizumab or a biosimilar thereof.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to ipilimumab or a biosimilar thereof and nivolumab or a biosimilar thereof.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to a BRAF inhibitor.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to a PD-L1 inhibitor.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the PD-L1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of avelumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and biosimilars thereof.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to a combination of a PD-1 inhibitor and a CTLA-4 inhibitor.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the PD-1 inhibitor is nivolumab or a biosimilar thereof and the CTLA-4 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of ipilumumab, tremelimumab, and biosimilars thereof.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the double-refractory metastatic melanoma is refractory to a combination of a BRAF inhibitor and a MEK inhibitor.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the BRAF inhibitor is dabrafenib or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof and the MEK inhibitor is trametinib or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the metastatic melanoma is resistant to a PD-1 inhibitor or PD-L1 inhibitor.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, avelumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and biosimilars thereof.
 19. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the patient does not possess a BRAF mutation.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient has received at most 4 doses of nivolumab or a biosimilar thereof prior to receiving the therapeutically effective population of TILs.
 21. The method of claims 1-12, wherein the patient has progressed or had no response to at least two prior systemic treatment courses.
 22. The method of claims 1-21, wherein the patient exhibits an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the increase in the level of IP-10 is indicative of treatment response and/or treatment efficacy.
 24. The method of claims 22-23, wherein the patient is administered one or more further dosages of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).
 25. The method of claims 22-23, wherein the patient is not administered a further dosage of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).
 26. A method of treating double-refractory metastatic melanoma in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a first population of TILs from a tumor resected from the patient by processing a tumor sample obtained from the patient into multiple tumor fragments; (b) adding the tumor fragments into a closed system; (c) performing a first expansion by culturing the first population of TILs in a cell culture medium comprising IL-2, and optionally OKT-3, to produce a second population of TILs, wherein the first expansion is performed in a closed container providing a first gas-permeable surface area, wherein the first expansion is performed for about 3-14 days to obtain the second population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at least 50-fold greater in number than the first population of TILs, and wherein the transition from step (b) to step (c) occurs without opening the system; (d) performing a second expansion by supplementing the cell culture medium of the second population of TILs with additional IL-2, optionally OKT-3, and antigen presenting cells (APCs), to produce a third population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed for about 7-14 days to obtain the third population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is a therapeutic population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed in a closed container providing a second gas-permeable surface area, and wherein the transition from step (c) to step (d) occurs without opening the system; (e) harvesting the therapeutic population of TILs obtained from step (d) to provide a harvested TIL population, wherein the transition from step (d) to step (e) occurs without opening the system; (f) transferring the harvested TIL population from step (e) to an infusion bag, wherein the transfer from step (e) to (f) occurs without opening the system, and optionally cryopreserving the harvested TIL population and (g) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the harvested TIL population to the patient with double-refractory metastatic melanoma.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the patient has been previously treated with a PD-1 inhibitor or a biosimilar thereof.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the PD-1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and biosimilars thereof.
 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the patient has been previously treated with a PD-L1 inhibitor or a biosimilar thereof.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the PD-L1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of avelumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and biosimilars thereof.
 31. The method of any one of claims 27-28, wherein the PD-1 inhibitor or a biosimilar thereof was co-administered with a CTLA-4 inhibitor or biosimilar thereof.
 32. The method of any one of claims 29-30, wherein the PD-L1 inhibitor or a biosimilar thereof was co-administered with a CTLA-4 inhibitor or biosimilar thereof.
 33. The method of any one of claims 26-32, wherein the patient has been previously treated with one additional prior line of systemic therapy.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the one additional prior line of systemic therapy is a BRAF inhibitor or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the BRAF inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof.
 36. The method of claim 33, wherein the one additional prior line of systemic therapy is a MEK inhibitor or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the MEK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of trametinib, cobimetinib, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts or solvates thereof.
 38. The method of claim 33, wherein the one additional prior line of systemic therapy is a combination of a BRAF inhibitor or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof and a MEK inhibitor or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the BRAF inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, and the MEK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of trametinib, cobimetinib, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts or solvates thereof.
 40. The method of claim 33, wherein the one additional prior line of systemic therapy is a CTLA-4 inhibitor or a biosimilar thereof.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the CTLA-4 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of ipilumumab, tremelimumab, and biosimilars thereof.
 42. The method of claim 33, wherein the one additional prior line of systemic therapy is chemotherapeutic regimen.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the chemotherapeutic regimen comprises dacarbazine or temozolimide.
 44. The method of claim 26, wherein the first expansion is performed over a period of about 11 days.
 45. The method of any one of claims 26-44, wherein the IL-2 is present at an initial concentration of between 1000 IU/mL and 6000 IU/mL in the cell culture medium in the first expansion step (c).
 46. The method of any one of claims 26-44, wherein in the second expansion step (d), the IL-2 is present at an initial concentration of between 1000 IU/mL and 6000 IU/mL and the OKT-3 antibody is present at an initial concentration of about 30 ng/mL.
 47. The method of any one of claims 26-46, wherein the first expansion is performed using a gas permeable container.
 48. The method of any one of claims 26-46, wherein the second expansion is performed using a gas permeable container.
 49. The method of any one of claims 26-48, wherein the cell culture medium in the first expansion step (c) further comprises a cytokine selected from the group consisting of TL-4, IL-7, IL-15, IL-21, and combinations thereof.
 50. The method of any one of claims 26-48, wherein the cell culture medium in the second expansion step (d) further comprises a cytokine selected from the group consisting of IL-4, IL-7, IL-15, IL-21, and combinations thereof.
 51. The method of any one of claims 26-50, further comprising the step of treating the patient with a non-myeloablative lymphodepletion regimen prior to administering the TILs to the patient.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the non-myeloablative lymphodepletion regimen comprises the steps of administration of cyclophosphamide at a dose of 60 mg/m²/day for two days followed by administration of fludarabine at a dose of 25 mg/m²/day for five days.
 53. The method of any one of claims 26-52, further comprising the step of treating the patient with an IL-2 regimen starting on the day after administration of the TILs to the patient.
 54. The method of any one of claim 53, wherein the IL-2 regimen is a high-dose IL-2 regimen comprising 600,000 or 720,000 IU/kg of aldesleukin, or a biosimilar or variant thereof, administered as a 15-minute bolus intravenous infusion every eight hours until tolerance.
 55. The method of any one of claims 26-54, wherein the patient exhibits an increase in the level of IP-10 after administration of the therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the increase in the level of IP-10 is indicative of treatment efficacy.
 57. The method of any one of claims 26-56, wherein the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1650 pg/mL, at least 1656 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL.
 58. The method of any one of claims 55-57, wherein the patient is administered one or more further dosages of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).
 59. The method of any one of claims 55-57, wherein the patient is not administered a further dosage of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).
 60. The method according to any one of claims 1-59, wherein the therapeutically effective population of TILs comprises from about 2.3×10¹⁰ to about 13.7×10¹⁰ TILs.
 61. A method of treating double-refractory metastatic melanoma in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a first population of TILs from a tumor resected from the patient by processing a tumor sample obtained from the patient into multiple tumor fragments; (b) adding the tumor fragments into a closed system; (c) performing a first expansion by culturing the first population of TILs in a cell culture medium comprising IL-2, and optionally OKT-3, to produce a second population of TILs, wherein the first expansion is performed in a closed container providing a first gas-permeable surface area, wherein the first expansion is performed for about 3-14 days to obtain the second population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at least 50-fold greater in number than the first population of TILs, and wherein the transition from step (b) to step (c) occurs without opening the system; (d) performing a second expansion by supplementing the cell culture medium of the second population of TILs with additional IL-2, optionally OKT-3, and antigen presenting cells (APCs), to produce a third population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed for about 7-14 days to obtain the third population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is a therapeutic population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed in a closed container providing a second gas-permeable surface area, and wherein the transition from step (c) to step (d) occurs without opening the system; (e) harvesting the therapeutic population of TILs obtained from step (d) to provide a harvested TIL population, wherein the transition from step (d) to step (e) occurs without opening the system; (f) transferring the harvested TIL population from step (e) to an infusion bag, wherein the transfer from step (e) to (f) occurs without opening the system, and optionally cryopreserving the harvested TIL population; (g) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the harvested TIL population to the patient with double-refractory metastatic melanoma; and (h) measuring the level of IP-10 in the patient after administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).
 62. A method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a first population of TILs from a tumor resected from the patient by processing a tumor sample obtained from the patient into multiple tumor fragments; (b) adding the tumor fragments into a closed system; (c) performing a first expansion by culturing the first population of TILs in a cell culture medium comprising IL-2, and optionally OKT-3, to produce a second population of TILs, wherein the first expansion is performed in a closed container providing a first gas-permeable surface area, wherein the first expansion is performed for about 3-14 days to obtain the second population of TILs, wherein the second population of TILs is at least 50-fold greater in number than the first population of TILs, and wherein the transition from step (b) to step (c) occurs without opening the system; (d) performing a second expansion by supplementing the cell culture medium of the second population of TILs with additional IL-2, optionally OKT-3, and antigen presenting cells (APCs), to produce a third population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed for about 7-14 days to obtain the third population of TILs, wherein the third population of TILs is a therapeutic population of TILs, wherein the second expansion is performed in a closed container providing a second gas-permeable surface area, and wherein the transition from step (c) to step (d) occurs without opening the system; (e) harvesting the therapeutic population of TILs obtained from step (d) to provide a harvested TIL population, wherein the transition from step (d) to step (e) occurs without opening the system; (f) transferring the harvested TIL population from step (e) to an infusion bag, wherein the transfer from step (e) to (f) occurs without opening the system, and optionally cryopreserving the harvested TIL population; (g) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the harvested TIL population to the patient with double-refractory metastatic melanoma; and (h) measuring the level of IP-10 in the patient after administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).
 63. The method of any one of claims 61-62, wherein an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h) is measured.
 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1650 pg/mL, at least 1656 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL.
 65. The method of any one of claims 63-64, wherein an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h) is indicative of treatment efficacy.
 66. The method of any one of claims 61-65, wherein the level of IP-10 is measured about 1 day to 10 days post administering the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).
 67. The method of any one of claims 61-66, wherein the level of IP-10 is measured 1 day post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).
 68. The method of any one of claims 61-67, wherein the level of IP-10 is measured about 6 hours to 24 hours post administering the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).
 69. The method of any one of claims 61-68, wherein the method further comprises a step of measuring the level of IP-10 in the patient prior to administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).
 70. The method of claim 69, wherein the increase is based on an increase in the level of IP-10 after administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g) as compared to the level of IP-10 in the patient prior to administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).
 71. The method of any one of claims 61-70, wherein the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h).
 72. The method of claim 71, wherein the patient is administered one or more further dosages of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).
 73. The method of any one of claims 63-70, wherein the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring no increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h).
 74. The method of any one of claims 63-70, wherein the method further comprises step (i) predicting the patient will respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h) or predicting the patient will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) based upon measuring no increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h).
 75. The method of any one of claims 63-74, wherein predicting the probability that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) is based upon the presence or absence of an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (h).
 76. The method of claim 75, wherein the increase in the level of IP-10 is an increase of at least one-fold, two-fold, three-fold, four-fold, or five-fold or more.
 77. The method of any one of claims 63-76, wherein predicting the probability that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (g) comprises correlating the level of IP-10 measured in the patient with a threshold value, wherein if the level of IP-10 measured is above the threshold value one or more further TIL treatment dosages is indicated.
 78. A method of predicting a treatment response and/or predicting treatment efficacy for administration of a therapeutically effective amount of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to a patient, the method comprising: a) obtaining a biological sample from a patient with cancer, including double-refractory metastatic melanoma; b) measuring the level of IP-10 in the biological sample from a); c) administering a therapeutically effective amount of TILs; d) obtaining a biological sample from the patient after the administration of the therapeutically effective amount of TILs in step c) e) measuring the level of IP-10 in the biological sample from d); f) predicting a treatment response to and/or predicting treatment efficacy of the administration of the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs based upon the level of IP-10 measured after administration as compared to the level of IP-10 measured prior to administration.
 79. The method of claim 78, wherein an increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (e) as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) is observed.
 80. The method of any one of claims 78-79, wherein the increase in the level of IP-10 is measured by calculating the difference in IP-10 level in plasma seven days before TIL infusion and one day after TIL infusion, and wherein said difference in IP-10 level in plasma is at least 800 pg/mL, at least 900 pg/mL, at least 1000 pg/mL, at least 1100 pg/mL, at least 1200 pg/mL, at least 1300 pg/mL, at least 1400 pg/mL, at least 1500 pg/mL, at least 1600 pg/mL, at least 1650 pg/mL, at least 1656 pg/mL, at least 1700 pg/mL, or at least 1800 pg/mL, at least 1900 pg/mL, at least 2000 pg/mL, at least 2100 pg/mL, or at least 2200 pg/mL.
 81. The method of any one of claim 78, wherein an increase in the level of IP-10 in step (e) as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) is indicative of treatment efficacy.
 82. The method of any one of claims 78-81, wherein the level of IP-10 is measured in step (e) about 1 day to 10 days post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (c).
 83. The method of any one of claims 78-82, wherein the level of IP-10 is measured in step (e) about 1 day post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (c).
 84. The method of any one of claims 78-83, wherein the level of IP-10 is measured in step (e) about 6 hours to 24 hours post administering a therapeutically effective amount of the TILs in step (g).
 85. The method of any one of claims 78-84, wherein predicting that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (c) is based upon an increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (f).
 86. The method of any one of claims 78-85, wherein measuring an increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (e) as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) indicates that the patient will respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (d).
 87. The method of any one of claims 78-86, wherein the patient is administered one or more further dosages of a therapeutically effective population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).
 88. The method of any one of claims 78-85, wherein measuring no increase in the level of IP-10 measured in step (e) as compared to the level of IP-10 measured step (b) indicates that the patient will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (d).
 89. The method of any one of claims 78-87, wherein the level of IP-10 is increased one-fold, two-fold, three-fold, four-fold, five-fold or more.
 90. The method of any one of claims 78-89, wherein predicting that the patient will or will not respond to the therapeutically effective amount of the TILs administered in step (d) further comprises correlating the level of IP-10 measured in the patient with a threshold value, wherein if the level of IP-10 measured is above the threshold value one or more further TIL treatment dosages is indicated.
 91. The method according to any one of claims 61-90, wherein the therapeutically effective population of TILs comprises from about 2.3×10¹⁰ to about 13.7×10¹⁰ TILs. 